{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/057cr5nv16/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Yudelson, Harold"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2008-05-05 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHarold Yudelson was interviewed by Sandra Berman on May 5 and May 29, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHarold Yudelson was born on December 1, 1923 in Atlanta. He was one of five children born to Sol and Anne Spielberger Yudelson. Harold enjoyed a comfortable childhood, surrounded by large extended families on both sides. His father, Sol, owned shoe stores in Atlanta and throughout the southeast. Harold was active in sports and attended Boys’ High School.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarold was in his freshman year at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia when the United States entered World War II. His education was interrupted when, to avoid being drafted, he enlisted in the Army. In 1943, he completed his basic training at Camp Wheeler in Macon, Georgia and the Army Specialized Training Program at Washington \u0026amp; Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania. He then went through Officer Candidate Training at Fort Benning, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn February 1945, Harold was sent to Europe as a First Lieutenant in the 16th Infantry Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division. He led a platoon through the Battle of the Ruhr Pocket. He was wounded on April 12, 1945 while in Bad Harzburg, Germany and was awarded the Purple Heart.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Harold returned home briefly before continuing his studies at the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1948. There, he also met his wife, Jane Betty Zion Yudelson (1926-2015), with whom he had three daughters. Harold and Jane settled in Atlanta after their marriage. Harold was a successful businessman who also served as the Chair of the Board of the Wren's Nest and as President of Atlanta ORT. He passed away on November 21, 2016.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIn this two-part interview, Harold Yudelson relates his experiences in the United States Army in Europe during World War II. He begins by talking about his childhood in Atlanta, Georgia. Harold outlines his extensive family tree. He explains how his parents came to live in Atlanta, where his father operated a chain of shoe stores. Harold recalls his many childhood friends and playing sports. He remembers the separation within the Jewish community between the Orthodox, Conservative and Reform congregations. Harold remembers attending Ahavath Achim and listening to Rabbis Hirmes and Epstein. He talks about his father’s career and the different stores that he opened. Harold remembers his family’s maid and how accepted segregation was at the time. He recalls summer camps and getting to know other Jewish boys from throughout the Southeast. Harold discusses his father’s active social interactions as founder of the Mayfair Club and president of the Progressive Club. He reflects on the Jim Crow laws in the South. Harold talks about his extended family that remained in Lithuania. He fondly remembers attending Boys’ High. He shares his mother’s stories about witnessing the Leo Frank trial, the Atlanta Race Riots, and seeing Halley’s Comet as a child. Harold describes his freshman year at the University of Pennsylvania and hearing about the attack on Pearl Harbor. He tells of driving to Washington D.C., seeing President Roosevelt walk by, and being in the Capitol when the vote to declare war on Japan was taken. He recounts how he was able to finish his second year of college after he had enlisted. He describes basic training and joining a diverse group of recruits, some of whom had never experienced indoor plumbing. Harold talks about attending Washington \u0026amp; Jefferson College as part of an Army Specialized Training Unit. He recalls a summer job working for the Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company. Harold recalls training with the 84th Infantry Division and the Native American recruits who were sent out to find other units that had lost their way. He talks about his admission into Officer Candidate School and his brief time training recruits of Japanese descent as a Lieutenant before sailing to Europe. Harold relates the story of a soldier who brought his dog all the way from Alaska to Europe hidden in his duffel bag. He remembers corresponding with his family during the war. Harold describes his battle experiences with the 16th Infantry Regiment in the Battle of the Ruhr Pocket as they pushed into Germany from Belgium. He remembers when a black unit joined his company and their lack of proper training. Harold talks about being wounded outside Bad Harzburg, Germany. He relates an incidence of antisemitism and another of an AWOL soldier under his command. Harold talks about the prevalence of looting by American soldiers in Germany. He remembers encountering forced labors, but only learning about the Holocaust when the war ended in Europe. Harold explains his post-war job managing post exchanges in France and helping to value the Army’s surplus property in Europe. He shares his experience going to a DP camp in Germany to meet survivors from his father’s family, who later immigrated to Atlanta. Harold discusses his feelings about Germans today. He remembers the celebrations when he was discharged and returned home. Harold tells the story of meeting his wife when he returned to college to finish his degree. The interview closes with Harold’s reflections on how his service impacted him and his perspectives of the younger generations.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28488"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHarold Yudelson was interviewed by Sandra Berman on May 5 and May 29, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarold Yudelson was born on December 1, 1923 in Atlanta. He was one of five children born to Sol and Anne Spielberger Yudelson. Harold enjoyed a comfortable childhood, surrounded by large extended families on both sides. His father, Sol, owned shoe stores in Atlanta and throughout the southeast. Harold was active in sports and attended Boys’ High School.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarold was in his freshman year at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia when the United States entered World War II. His education was interrupted when, to avoid being drafted, he enlisted in the Army. In 1943, he completed his basic training at Camp Wheeler in Macon, Georgia and the Army Specialized Training Program at Washington \u0026amp; Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania. He then went through Officer Candidate Training at Fort Benning, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn February 1945, Harold was sent to Europe as a First Lieutenant in the 16th Infantry Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division. He led a platoon through the Battle of the Ruhr Pocket. He was wounded on April 12, 1945 while in Bad Harzburg, Germany and was awarded the Purple Heart.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Harold returned home briefly before continuing his studies at the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1948. There, he also met his wife, Jane Betty Zion Yudelson (1926-2015), with whom he had three daughters. Harold and Jane settled in Atlanta after their marriage. Harold was a successful businessman who also served as the Chair of the Board of the Wren's Nest and as President of Atlanta ORT. He passed away on November 21, 2016.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn this two-part interview, Harold Yudelson relates his experiences in the United States Army in Europe during World War II. He begins by talking about his childhood in Atlanta, Georgia. Harold outlines his extensive family tree. He explains how his parents came to live in Atlanta, where his father operated a chain of shoe stores. Harold recalls his many childhood friends and playing sports. He remembers the separation within the Jewish community between the Orthodox, Conservative and Reform congregations. Harold remembers attending Ahavath Achim and listening to Rabbis Hirmes and Epstein. He talks about his father’s career and the different stores that he opened. Harold remembers his family’s maid and how accepted segregation was at the time. He recalls summer camps and getting to know other Jewish boys from throughout the Southeast. Harold discusses his father’s active social interactions as founder of the Mayfair Club and president of the Progressive Club. He reflects on the Jim Crow laws in the South. Harold talks about his extended family that remained in Lithuania. He fondly remembers attending Boys’ High. He shares his mother’s stories about witnessing the Leo Frank trial, the Atlanta Race Riots, and seeing Halley’s Comet as a child. Harold describes his freshman year at the University of Pennsylvania and hearing about the attack on Pearl Harbor. He tells of driving to Washington D.C., seeing President Roosevelt walk by, and being in the Capitol when the vote to declare war on Japan was taken. He recounts how he was able to finish his second year of college after he had enlisted. He describes basic training and joining a diverse group of recruits, some of whom had never experienced indoor plumbing. Harold talks about attending Washington \u0026amp; Jefferson College as part of an Army Specialized Training Unit. He recalls a summer job working for the Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company. Harold recalls training with the 84th Infantry Division and the Native American recruits who were sent out to find other units that had lost their way. He talks about his admission into Officer Candidate School and his brief time training recruits of Japanese descent as a Lieutenant before sailing to Europe. Harold relates the story of a soldier who brought his dog all the way from Alaska to Europe hidden in his duffel bag. He remembers corresponding with his family during the war. Harold describes his battle experiences with the 16th Infantry Regiment in the Battle of the Ruhr Pocket as they pushed into Germany from Belgium. He remembers when a black unit joined his company and their lack of proper training. Harold talks about being wounded outside Bad Harzburg, Germany. He relates an incidence of antisemitism and another of an AWOL soldier under his command. Harold talks about the prevalence of looting by American soldiers in Germany. He remembers encountering forced labors, but only learning about the Holocaust when the war ended in Europe. Harold explains his post-war job managing post exchanges in France and helping to value the Army’s surplus property in Europe. He shares his experience going to a DP camp in Germany to meet survivors from his father’s family, who later immigrated to Atlanta. Harold discusses his feelings about Germans today. He remembers the celebrations when he was discharged and returned home. Harold tells the story of meeting his wife when he returned to college to finish his degree. The interview closes with Harold’s reflections on how his service impacted him and his perspectives of the younger generations.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/116/530/small/Yudelson_Harold.mp4_1622815997.jpg?1622801598","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Yudelson_Harold.mp4"]},"duration":9530.878,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/116/530/small/Yudelson_Harold.mp4_1622815997.jpg?1622801598","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/116/530/original/Yudelson_Harold.mp4?1622801594","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":9530.878,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Harold Yudelson [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is May 5, 2008. I am here with Harold Yudelson, who has agreed\nto participate in an interview for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History\nProject of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. Thank you very much for\nagreeing to do this today. I would like to start from the beginning, at your\nbeginning. Tell me a little bit about your earliest years, where you were born,\nwho your parents were. Just start with that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basic information.\n\nYUDELSON: I was born December 2, 1923 at Piedmont Hospital, which was over near\nwhere the stadium is now. My earliest memory [is that] we lived on Atlanta\nAvenue in a duplex that we shared with my mother's cousin, Morris Reisman. I\nthink her name was Mamie. They had two boys; Bobby and I forget the other name.\nWe moved when I was about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four to 664 Elmwood Drive, couple of blocks from\nPiedmont Park and we lived there. I went to Inman School from beginning to end.\nThere were children all up and down the block. Everybody played with the whole\nneighborhood. I remember the teachers. I can name them. Mrs. Steiff in\nkindergarten. In first grade, I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember. I skipped half the first grade\nbecause my birthday being in December, I started school in February. They let me\nfinish first grade in half a year. I went in the second-grade class and Miss\nBoss, who later became Miss Goldberg, was the teacher. I didn't like her because\nshe was really tough on me because she was trying to get me to catch up. I went\non through Inman School. I had one amusing incident. They gave us athletic\nmedals for running, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jumping, chinning, or whatever. My mother had been a\nsecretary to Mr. . . . who was the superintendent of schools. One of her jobs\nbefore they were married . . . was giving out the checks to teachers. She knew\nall the teachers and all the teachers knew little Annie Spielberger. Anyway, we\nhad a fifth-grade teacher, Miss Carmichael, whose sister was in charge of the\nathletic program in grammar schools. She'd come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around and give us a test to get\nthe medals. I got the bronze medal. The silver medal . . . I was very small. I\nwas having trouble doing the high jump. We were up on the upper level at Inman\nSchool at recess or some time and I'd missed it twice. She said, \"Harold, you\ngot underpants?\" [I said,] \"Yes, ma'am.\" She says, \"Take your pants off.\" She\nset the bar. I got my silver medal. It was a pleasure. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew all the kids. I\nthink in the block we lived in there were like 32 kids in the Inman School out\nof about maybe 20 or 25 houses. You can see what kind of community it was. Next\ndoor was a family named . . . They had five children: Jimmy, Joe, Mary, June and\nCharlie. We had four at that time. My brother was born a good deal later.\nHatchet, I think their name was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hatchet. We all got along fine. We were in each\nother's house continuously. They were in our house continuously. It was like one\nbig family almost.\n\nBERMAN: What were your parents' names?\n\nYUDELSON: Annie Spielberger Yudelson and Solomon Isaac Yudelson. All anybody\ntold you was Solomon Isaac Yudelson was named after Shlame Yitzhak Solski born\nin 1804. I'm sure you know Peggy Freedman, she is . . . You've worked with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her.\nThe seven branches, his seven sons [are] the seven branches of the Saul family.\nThere's tens of thousands. She has that total family history. My oldest sister,\nEdith Yudelson Smith, married Bernard Smith. When Edith was about three and a\nhalf years old, she was hit by a streetcar and she lost a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leg. She had an\nartificial leg from that time. Surviving was problematic at the time, but she\ngot away from a maid on Washington Avenue. We didn't live on Washington Avenue;\nwe were visiting Washington Avenue. We lived with that and she's a brave tough\ngal. She's still around.\n\nBERMAN: What are your other siblings' names?\n\nYUDELSON: Frances Yudelson Kuniansky, and Shirley Yudelson Mosinger, and Julian\nYudelson, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married B.J. Heyman, [Joseph Kohn Heyman] and Bert Heyman's\ndaughter. The other families you probably know already. When mother died--I\ndon't know whether it was five or six years ago, maybe a little longer--Rabbi\n[Arnold] Goodman asked us to come . . . He knew mother hardly at all, [only]\nknew who she was. My three sisters and I were there. My brother, who lives in\nRochester, New York hadn't gotten here yet, so he wasn't part of the interview.\nI told Rabbi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Goodman at the time, \"Rabbi, the four of us have been married over\n200 years.\" I'm not sure it's a record, but it's a good record to fall back on,\nyou know.\n\nBERMAN: Were your parents also born in Atlanta?\n\nYUDELSON: Mother was born in Atlanta. Her parents were not born in Atlanta, but\nI think all of her siblings [were]. She had, in my memory, two older brothers\nand one older sister. No, she was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"second. The older brother was Abe\nSpielberger. [He] married Ella Wachman, I think, who I remember had family in\nJohannesburg, South Africa. My Uncle Abe, he was the oldest; then mother; then\nher brother, Dave Spielberger, who became my father's partner. He married Jessie\n[Mae Coplan] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Macon, Georgia. Then there was 'Pecky,' Pauline, married\nMorris Manning, who also was in business with my father. Yes, then mother . . .\n\nBERMAN: Your father was not born here?\n\nYUDELSON: My father was born in Jonava in Lithuania. He came here when he was\nabout seven years old [in 1904]. Interesting family history. My grandmother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nthe baby I think of eight. Let me go back. I mentioned Julian. He became a\nprofessor. He's living in Rochester, New York. He's the only one that left town\nreally. But he . . . My [paternal] grandmother had seven older brothers. I think\nthe oldest one went to Johannesburg, and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandparents wanted to leave\nLithuania. They all wanted to leave. They were pretty well off. They were\nrather, you know, comfortable. Uncle Wolfe--that I think I met once--had done\nwell down there and had a chain of women's clothing stores. But my Grandfather\n[Max] Yudelson was a very studious, quiet, melamed [Hebrew: teacher] kind of\nperson. He went to South Africa and decided it wasn't for him. That was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wild\nWest at that point. We are talking now about the turn of the 20th century. My\ngrandmother had another brother, who came here some years earlier. He had a\nwholesale dry-good business, Saul Klinburg. It had done quite well. They decided\nto come here. My mother's brother took all the members of the family as they\ncame and put them in business in small towns all around Atlanta. One part of the\nfamily went to Griffin [Georgia]. My [father's] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"folks went to Greensboro,\nGeorgia. They opened a store. How they ran a business and couldn't speak the\nlanguage I'll never know, but they had a manager apparently. Dad told me grandma\ncame, she had three thousand dollars in gold in a money belt. They were\nrelatively well to do. That was a lot of money in 1902 or whenever it was.\nAnother member of the family went to Central City, Alabama. One of the ladies\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married a Cohen there. Harry and Uncle Meyer, I think they settled in Griffin\nand later moved to Dalton [Georgia], where Harry became a multi-millionaire.\nYou're probably familiar with that story. There was . . . the Saul family in\nMarietta [Georgia]. That was also an uncle. They knew each other. Dad told me\nthat when they were in Greensboro, he was the youngest of four. He had an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older\nbrother, Israel \"Ish,\" that didn't get married until I think he was his 70s or\nlate 60s. He lived with the parents as long as they lived. His older sister,\nGertie, married Ben Levine and they ran The Toggery down on, I guess it was\nMitchell Street, forever. His two sons went in that business with him. Then, my\nAunt Sarah married a Barney Weinkle. They moved to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Florida I guess in the early\n1930s or the late 1920s, about the time of the boom. He was a surgeon, a very\nfine doctor I understand. One of my fondest memories, to divert for a moment, we\nused to visit them every summer practically. We'd pack up the whole family. I\nknow mother had a big old green Thermos jug she'd put Shirley's, my youngest\nsister's, bottles in there in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ice to keep them warm. We would just go. It was\ntwo long days' travel. There were a number of incidents in the Miami thing that\nmight be interesting. Once, I remember we'd take a maid with us. Of course, that\nwas a problem getting her a place to eat when we would stop and [we had to] make\narrangements. She'd go sit on the back step and they'd take a plate to her. But\nthat was perfectly normal and nobody expected anything different in those days.\nIt didn't seem to be unusual. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accepted. We'll come to that later. We\nvisited my cousins down there, Stanley and Milton Weinkle. Stanley was a rather\nprominent surgeon. I think he did some work on some of the chiefs of state in\nSouth America some place. Milton was a dentist, but he was also later, while he\nwas still practicing, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mayor [of Hallandale Beach, Florida] . . . They had an\ninteresting arrangement: whoever got the most votes for the city council was\nalso the mayor . . . I talked to him the other day. Anyway, going back, getting\nthrough grammar school . . .\n\nBERMAN: If I could just go back one second.\n\nYUDELSON: Yes, let's do.\n\nBERMAN: Your father came from Lithuania. Your mother was born here, part of the\nSpielberger family. How did they get end up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming here? How did the\nSpielbergers get here and where were they from?\n\nYUDELSON: Grandpa [Jacob] Spielberger left Austria-Hungary. It was basically to\navoid the military service. He had other family that came. I don't know if they\ncame earlier or later. I don't know. He went to New York. He told me he got off\nthe boat and he got a taxi. I think he went through Ellis Island, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't\nresearch that. My father's family did not go through [Ellis Island]. Ellis\nIsland is for the steerage. The others didn't go through that. He says that he\ngot a taxi. He had a cousin's address in Jersey. The taxi driver cheated him and\nhe had to borrow $2.00 to pay the fare. He says he started his career in this\ncountry with a $2.00 negative net worth. That wasn't his term, but that's what\nit amounted to. He got a job as a porter in a wholesale house that took mail\norders from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"peddlers in the South. He says that he observed that they were\nsending more to Atlanta than almost anywhere else. He decided to pack up and\ncame to Atlanta where he became a peddler. I guess from there, he went the usual\nroute. He got a wagon. Then later, he opened a grocery store in Atlanta [called\nJ. Spielberger Groceries Meats]. He continued doing that as long as . . . until\nhe got old and sick. Now, there's a letter in your file, I think. You have that\nletter about his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"career, which I think is a fascinating document. Are you\nfamiliar with that?\n\nBERMAN: I am pretty sure, yes.\n\nYUDELSON: He outlined his career in business.\n\nBERMAN: Where was the grocery store?\n\nYUDELSON: It was not too far south of downtown Atlanta. Whether it was in a\nblack area or not, I'm not sure. I don't think so. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have a picture of that incidentally.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, we do. We have a great photograph of that store. Your parents had a\nbusiness in Griffin?\n\nYUDELSON: No, Greensboro.\n\nBERMAN: Greensboro, Georgia. Then they came back to Atlanta?\n\nYUDELSON: Yes. Dad told me they kept kosher. It's amazing how these families . .\n. I was talking to someone the other day from Wisconsin or some place . . . how\nidentical the histories are, how our people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"managed to maintain their religious\nidentity being totally isolated. He told me he used to go down to the train\nstation nearly every day and pick up the kosher meat that they had sent from\nAtlanta on the Central of Georgia. You go to the baggage car. He also told me\nthat since his two sisters and his brother knew how to milk the cow that they\nowned, there was no reason for him to learn how. He raised chickens and sold the\neggs to the local grocery store. That was his entrepreneurial work to begin\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with. When he was about 17 they . . . His sisters, there was nobody for them to\ngo with socially, marry. Here they were in their late teens. They moved to\nAtlanta and they had enough money to open a business, I think on Edgewood\nAvenue, called the Atlanta Bargain House. He ran that until his sisters got\nmarried. He found running a general merchandise store by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"himself . . . His older\nbrother, he prayed a lot, but he didn't work very much, Uncle Ish. He closed\nthat business up and he opened a shoe store. I've got some documentation about\nthat I brought. We'll go into that in great detail about his business career.\n\nBERMAN: I would love to hear about his business career because I have heard of\nthe Yudelson Shoe Company. Let us talk about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a little.\n\nYUDELSON: I've got quite a bit of detail about it. The Yudelson Shoe Company was\nthe name of the company. I think they started about 1927. I've got an original\nad. I don't know if that was the original shoe business or not, but he opened a\nshoe store. He called it Star Shoe Store. He worked out a deal with the\nInternational Shoe Company. They put a tremendous sign for him. It must have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been two stories tall and ten-feet wide, because when he closed the store, he\nbrought home the grating behind it and we made a giant chicken coop out of it.\nWe used to have pet chickens and pet ducks on Elmwood Drive. Then he ran that\nand he began to branch out when Rich's moved from Whitehall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Street over to Broad\nStreet. They built that magnificent new building. W. T. Grant rented the Rich's\nbuilding and they had more space than they needed. He rented from them a\nbasement, which was about a six-foot entrance from the sidewalk, and ran a shoe\nstore down there [called the Brooks Shoe Store that was] under the Grant name.\nThat was his first leased department, so to speak. I do have that ad. I'll give\nthat to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. I know the house shoes were 77 cents and I think he told me they\nsold 1,700 of them the first day or something. Downtown at that point was the\nonly place you could buy general merchandise. Atlanta . . . Who knows? It was\nmaybe 90,000 or 60,000. I didn't research that. That started his career and he\nwent on from that. He bought out a shoe department in the Miller [Lady's\nReady-To-Wear Store], which was a store ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"owned by the Regenstein's. They had the\nRegenstein's store uptown, so to speak. This was downtown. He told me a story. I\nam diverting from my story. I'll go into my father's. . . but he told me there\nwas one company in the country that was doing a job in leasing shoe departments\nfrom department stores all over the country, J.P. Wool, I think it was, who at\nthat time probably made more money in the shoe business than anybody else\nbecause he was the only owner of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. He says he was going to buy this and flip\nit as we call it now to Mr. Wool, sell it to him and make a quick profit. He\nsays he did such a good selling job that he bought it himself. He kept it. He\nwouldn't sell it to him. That really put him in the leased department business.\nThat expanded with doing that later, all the way from Shreveport [Louisiana] to\nCharlotte [North Carolina] to Nashville [Tennessee] to Cincinnati [Ohio] to\nMiami. He was about the leading operator of that kind in the southeast. Let's go\nfrom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Where was I?\n\nBERMAN: He was in the shoe business and it became very successful. Let us go\nback to you a little bit. You grew up in this neighborhood. Was it a Jewish neighborhood?\n\nYUDELSON: No, the Washington Street area was very much Jewish. Both of my\ngrandparents lived in the block between the Shearith Israel and the AA\nsynagogue. We went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AA synagogue Sunday School and would alternate every\nSunday. We'd have lunch or dinner with one, midday dinner with one, and then\nmidday dinner with the other. All my cousins lived somewhere close by. One week\nwe were all the Spielberger cousins and the next week we were all the Yudelson\ncousins. Aunt Gertie had four children . . . Leon, Emanuel . . . I'll think of\nthem in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minute. You've probably got them. Of course, in the Spielbergers,\nthere were a few more. Dave Spielberger had two: Charlie and . . . I saw him not\ntoo long ago. Excuse the memory lapse. Aunt Rose [Spielberger Clein], we called\n'Monkey.' It's funny. We always called her 'Monkey,' [but it was] not\ndisrespectfully. The story was that she was so pretty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she was so vain that\nthey took her down by calling her 'Monkey.' We always called her 'Monkey.' She\nwas Aunt Rose. She had two sons: Leonard and Harris. They moved when we were\nyoung. They moved to Winston-Salem [North Carolina]. He had an uncle or somebody\nin the family who was in the pawn shop business and they opened a branch there.\nHe went, and took it over, and became quite successful. His sons ran that\nbusiness for many years. That's the Cleins.\n\nBERMAN: You socialized mainly with your cousins?\n\nYUDELSON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, we saw them frequently, but we socialized with the kids in the\nneighborhood mostly. You asked that question. In all of my classes at Inman,\nthere were seldom over two Jewish kids in the class. You go in any block . . . I\ncould go into all of them I knew in the block that were there. The Levitases\nlater moved there. Uncle Abe moved across the street, but basically it was not a\nJewish neighborhood.\n\nBERMAN: Was it tough being only one of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few Jews?\n\nYUDELSON: No, not a bit. My memory of childhood, it was never . . . LeHack [sp]\nwas the name of our next-door neighbor. I say we got along fine. I didn't find\nany problem at all that I can recall as a child. That was not really a factor in\nour growing up. We were different. I know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when Passover came and we took matzoh,\nwe were . . . maybe embarrassed or maybe uncomfortable, but it was accepted.\nWhen the teacher read about Jesus every morning in the Bible, I was\nuncomfortable. When we sang Christmas carols at Christmas, we faked it or kept\nquiet. But it was accepted just like the segregation was accepted. We accepted\nthat as part of what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we lived with, being Jewish and being different. But we\nwere not to my knowledge or to my memory, harassed, or beat up, or there were no\npogroms, or anything like that. My best friend, Sonny Hubbell, lived across the\nstreet. His father was a civil engineer, a Georgia Tech graduate. They moved in\nwith his grandparents, the Sanders, who I guess was retired. I was fascinated by\n[his father]. I used to watch him work at his drawing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board. I wanted to be an\nengineer. He says, \"Harold, don't do that.\" He says, \"I've got a college\ndegree,\" which was pretty rare in 1932 or 1933. He says, \"I can't support my\nfamily. There's no work for me.\" The work he was doing finally was WPA. He was\ndesigning the little bridges and little projects they had. He was almost, in a\nsense, on relief [welfare]. I remember one time in . . . it must have been the\nfifth or sixth grade, we were supposed to bring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody to talk about a career\nwe wanted to go into. He was gracious enough to come talk to the class about\nbeing an engineer. At that time, I didn't have ambitions about going into the\nshoe business. That tells you . . . Sonny and I were inseparable. I remember one\ntime . . . He had an Airedale named Duke. The three of us were inseparable. One\ntime, he wanted to go hunting. He had a little single shot short .22 rifle that\nI borrowed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had one that was a little more adult. We hiked all the way over\nto where Rock Springs [Road] is now. That was the great north woods. There was\nno Morningside. There was no nothing over there. We hunted rabbits all day and\ndidn't see any. We used to carry sandwiches. We put them inside our shirt,\nsandwiches of bread, so that we would have something. On the way back, down in\nthat hollow, a cardinal jumped up on a bush about ten feet in front of me. I\ntook a quick shot and I hit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. I never went wanted to go hunting again. I\nnever went hunting again till I got to Germany. It made me sick, that beautiful\nbird. All the kids in the neighborhood used to go together. You know that\nBrookwood [neighborhood] park, over with a creek in it? We'd dam up the creek\nand go wading in maybe a foot-and-a-half deep. The park people would come along,\nand tear up our dam, and we'd build another one like the beavers. We played\nbaseball in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the street. One time, the police came. I remember they took me by\nthe hand, took me up to the house, and fussed at my mother for letting me play\nin the street, but it didn't do much good. One time--another brief anecdote--I\nwas out the yard playing or out in the neighborhood playing, and mother would\nholler, \"Harold, come home.\" My father had a close friend, a drummer, a shoe\nsalesman from Cincinnati [Ohio]. We called him Uncle Somebody. We knew him that\nwell. He'd come to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house from Cincinnati. Mother says, \"They want to take\nyou to the baseball game.\" The Cincinnati Reds were playing an exhibition game\nwith the Atlanta Crackers on the way back home after the spring season. She\nsays, \"Uncle George knows all the players.\" She says--I think I'm quoting her,\nbut she's says I quoted me--\"I know all the players, but do they know him?\" We\nwent to see the ball game and he introduced me to Leo Durocher. Maybe you've\nheard of the name.\n\nBERMAN: I have.\n\nYUDELSON: One of his claims to fame is he was married ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the beautiful movie\nstar [Laraine Day]. Leo Durocher was known as the 'Hitless Wonder.' He was a\nfabulous fielder, but he didn't hit too good. He gave me two autographed\nbaseballs. Today, those balls would probably be worth maybe $20 apiece. We\nplayed with them in the street until the cover fell off. Then, when the cover\nfell off, we'd wrap them in electric tape and keep playing with them. The good\nold days. We used to go out and pick up scrap lumber off building ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sites and\nbuilding houses. We'd pick up the bent nails and straighten them on a brick with\na hammer or another brick and build . . . Everything was improvised. Nobody paid\nanything for toys in those days, so you created. We had toys, but . . .In fact,\ngoing forward a little bit, we had a football team. We had a club. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We called it\nthe Z-I-P Club. You've got a picture of it here, too. We had a football team. We\nwere playing the Top Hats, which was a club of the boys basically from the\nTemple. I went to tackle Milton Romm one time and I ran into his knee and cut my\nforehead up here. It was pretty bloody. When I got home, my folks bought me a\nfootball uniform. They bought me a helmet and shoulder pads from that incident.\nBut that's when I was probably 14, 15 years old.\n\nBERMAN: That is interesting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were in ZIP and you were the AA boys, and you\nplayed Top Hat, which was the Temple Boys. Did you ever mix it up? Did you have\nfriends with the Temple boys?\n\nYUDELSON: Some, because of the neighborhoods and so forth, but we didn't mix a\nwhole lot. Of course, they had a rabbi, Dr. [David] Marx, a brutal antisemite in\nmy mind. He was awful. He didn't want them to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mix. He didn't want them to play\nball with us. Of course, the Jewish [Community] Center had a softball league,\nbut I don't remember any of the Temple boys, the deytshisher [Yiddish: Germans]\nthere. I don't remember any of them or any team there. This was all from the\nAshkenazi. Then it was the Orthodox and the Conservative group. There was very\nlittle mixing up through junior high anyhow.\n\nBERMAN: That is what your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recollection is of Rabbi Marx? That is how you knew him?\n\nYUDELSON: I hardly knew him. He was a very dapper man. He sort of reminded me of\nDick Rich. He was a small man. He was like a bantam rooster. I heard of an\nincident. I guess it's true. In about 1937, my father along with a number of\npeople--Dick Rich was one of them--created the organization to help the German\nJews. They had a meeting at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Temple. They had reserved the front row or two\nfor Dr. Marx and his entourage. They walked in, and they started the meeting,\nand Marx walked out. He didn't want any part of helping the German Jews. That's\nmy recollection of him. I think it's verified in a number of ways.\n\nBERMAN: What organization was it? Do you remember? Was it the Welfare Fund?\n\nYUDELSON: Yes, it was the beginning of the Welfare Fund. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you got a\nletter in here, too, about that [with] Dad's name on it, and Dick Rich, and a\nlot of other people. The Atlanta Jewish community at that point were three\ndistinct communities. You're aware of that. The Sephardics we didn't know at\nall. The others we knew. Then we got to high school, there was quite a bit of\nmixing because all the boys who were going to go to college went to Boys' High\nSchool. You're aware of that. Greatest high school in the history of the country\nin my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opinion. We had a reunion last week. I'll come to that later. We moved\naway from Elmwood Drive. If you have any other questions about that . . .\n\nBERMAN: I wanted to go back to the synagogue. You had these reflections on Rabbi\nMarx, but what did you think of Rabbi Epstein?\n\nYUDELSON: I remember his first sermon. The rabbi before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him, what was his name?\n\nBERMAN: [Rabbi Abraham P.] Hirmes.\n\nYUDELSON: Hirmes. His lectures, his sermons, were always in Yiddish. I would sit\nthere waiting for a word to understand, like 'money,' 'America,' or something. I\ndidn't understand him at all. The only Yiddish my folks spoke at home was when\nthey didn't want us to understand it. The only words I knew were the few I\npicked up at camp that I wasn't supposed to know anyhow. Rabbi Epstein came, and\nso far as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my Yudelson grandparents [were concerned], he was a goy. First place,\nhe was clean shaven. The second place, his lectures were all in English. He\nwasn't Jewish enough, so they moved from the AA down to Shearith Israel. Rabbi\n[Tobias] Geffen was in charge there. I remember when I was a kid and Hermes\napparently wasn't quite as much of a disciplinarian as Rabbi Epstein. We used to\nsit . . . . during the High Holy Days, I'd sit with one grandpa for awhile and\ngo ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sit with the other grandpa for a while. Then go back to mother and dad. Then\ngo sit with an uncle. I would constantly move because it was a full day of . . .\nWhen I was six, or seven, eight years old, that was our privilege. Of course,\nyou always congregated outside with your contemporaries and socialized. That was\nmore true when you became a teenager then when you were a youngster. It was an\nidyllic kind of growing up. It really was. The Depression really didn't affect\nus very much. Dad's business had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done pretty well before, but it was affected by\nit quite drastically. In fact, he told me . . . I think this was somewhat\nfacetious. He said the only reason he didn't go bankrupt was because he didn't\nknow how. His problem to a great extent was having leased departments in these\ndepartment stores. They had all the money and they were supposed to give him his\nmoney that they took in on the tenth of the month. If they were late, he didn't\nhave any money. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think they made the payroll for him in their stores. We also\nhad some individual stores in Atlanta, Edward Shoe Store and then later the\nEconomy Shoe Store at the corners. One was at the corner of Whitehall and\nAlabama, which was probably the best corner in town. The other was at Whitehall\nand Hunter Street.\n\nBERMAN: Did the stores have any African-American customers? Was that allowed then?\n\nYUDELSON: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they . . . We were one of the few stores I guess that would\nseat them, and put on the shoe, and help fit them. The others were reluctant to\ndo that. Then, I remember Easter we took the porter when . . . You were very\nbusy. Easter was the big day in those days, especially in low price merchandise.\nWe took the porter and put him in a white jacket and he waited as a shoe sales\nperson on the black people. It was probably as close to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"desegregation as anybody\nhad ever come at that time really. But we did have black customers, a lot of\nblack customers. Both . . .We operated later in the J. M. High Company, which\nwas on Whitehall Street just below Hunter Street. Yes, that's right. That was\nthe main shopping district in the town. J. P. Allen was probably the first store\nof any consequence that moved uptown, along with Davison's, but Whitehall Street\nwas the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shopping area. Then Peachtree took over. Yes?\n\nBERMAN: Would the white customer have an issue if they had to sit next to a\nblack customer in those days?\n\nYUDELSON: We probably avoided it, but I didn't remember any incidents or any\nproblems with that. It was an Easter Saturday. A few days a year, you got very\ncrowded. I don't know that it was a problem, but then I just didn't pay much\nattention to it. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew we were separated. That we knew.\n\nBERMAN: It was just a way of life? It did not . . .\n\nYUDELSON: Absolutely.\n\nBERMAN: The separate drinking fountains and all that . . .\n\nYUDELSON: Driving Miss Daisy.\n\nBERMAN: No one thought about it.\n\nYUDELSON: Nobody thought about it, no. But I remember during the Depression, we\nhad a maid, Ina Mae. Her sister had worked for my aunt, Sarah Weinkle. They took\nher to Miami with them. She stayed with them a lifetime and when she got old,\nher sons took care of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her until she died. The Driving Miss Daisy syndrome sort\nof, except they took care of her. Ina Mae worked for us for many years. Then she\nand her husband moved to Chicago [Illinois] during the time when jobs came up\nthere. They apparently were much more conscious of the segregation, the Jim Crow\nthing, than we were. I want to comment here. I read the Nuremberg Laws ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here in\n[the Breman] museum. They sound almost exactly like the Jim Crow laws of Georgia\nafter the Civil War, after the 'Yankee occupation.' My mother said facetiously\none time, she was 21 years old before she found out 'Damn Yankee' was two words.\nThey were very Southern and accepting of all of this. Ina ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mae, I remember she\nused to work for us. My folks were real nice to the black folks. They had a\ncertain amount of 'token' privileges. You'd give them left over food. One time,\nOrris didn't have a job, her husband. Since she usually worked until after\ndinner, which meant 8 or 9 o'clock, he came on the streetcar or walked to escort\nher home. Dad came in one day, must have been in the mid to late 1930s, and he\nsaid \"Horace, I've got a job for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.\" He sat there and clapped like a little\nkid. He finally had a job. Something else, I remember when I was . . . it had to\nbe during the Depression, so maybe I was 10 or 12 years old. Both of my\ngrandparents had in their backyard what we called 'nigger houses.' It was said\nwithout any derogatory intent. That's what they were. The Negros or the\n'niggers' lived in them. If I remember correctly, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neither of them had either\nelectricity or plumbing. They had a privy in the backyard and they had a faucet\nin the backyard. That was their plumbing. Electricity they simply did not have.\nThen at one point, I remember my grandfather on Washington Street, there was an\nalley back of them and I saw them moving some old . . . they looked like circus\nwagons back there. These were going to be additional nigger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"houses. They had no\nplumbing, no facilities, no nothing. People did move into them. I don't know if\nI mentioned, but my grandparents, both of them, raised chickens in their\nbackyard. Once, my cousin and I, the ones from Miami, before they moved, we were\nthrowing rocks at these chickens. One of the roosters flew up and landed on my\nhead and I ran in the house scared to death. They had a pecan tree. I didn't\nmention that, did I? The Yudelsons had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two pecan trees. The best nuts you ever\ntasted. My job every fall was to climb the tree and shake it, get the nuts. Then\nwe always had . . . for months, we would have shoeboxes full of pecans. We'd sit\naround an oak table [in] my grandma's sort of a breakfast nook. We had the . . .\nWhat are the glasses that the candles come in? The heavy . . .\n\nBERMAN: Yahrzeit.\n\nYUDELSON: Yes, yahrzeit glasses. All of the kids, all of us, my cousins, we all\nhad a yahrzeit glass to crack the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nuts. We never broke a glass. Those glasses\nwere tough. We'd sit there and eat the pecans. I planted some pecan trees and my\ngreatest disappointment is they never gave me the nuts. Those trees are now\nthirty years old, but that's another story.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned camp a little bit earlier. What camp did you . . .\n\nYUDELSON: I never wanted to go to camp. Every summer, they'd ask me, and wine\nand romance me, and stuff. The only camps I went to were A.Z.A. camps. Now, we\nall belonged to A.Z.A. Just about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody our age belonged to A.Z.A. I don't\nknow about the Temple boys. I don't think they did. A.Z.A. was B'nai B'rith. We\nwould have conventions. Then we would have a camp up at Brevard, North Carolina.\nThen I had to be fifteen, or sixteen, or something like that. We would go up\nthere for three or four days. Consequently, you met practically every Jewish\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contemporary in the state of Georgia and the whole southeast. We would have a\nconvention in Charlotte, in Chattanooga and Birmingham [Alabama]. Over the\nyears, this whole southeast Jewish boys, contemporaries . . . knew each other.\nYou still run into them. We still know some of them. I remember a family from\nStatesboro and the Popkin family from Augusta [Georgia], lovely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. [Sara\nPopkin] was a widow. She had a little children's shop and raised four or five of\nthem. There was Harry, and Ben, and Hilda, and four . . . there was one other I\nthink, older.\n\nBERMAN: Herman.\n\nYUDELSON: Herman. Harry later became one of our advisors or something. He moved\nto Atlanta. I remember one day, we were sitting on their front porch talking, a\ngroup of us. She had counted us and everybody went in the house for dinner. I\nmean, that's the kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person she was and the kind of people they were. You\ngot to know people all over the southeast. My father had, between his shoe\nbusiness and traveling and so forth. . . When I went in the army, I was never\nstationed anywhere east of the Mississippi where he didn't know somebody. He\nwould call them up and they would host me in the substitute home when I was\nthere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where are we?\n\nBERMAN: We finished camps. How about clubs? Did your family belong to the\nProgressive Club or the Mayfair Club?\n\nYUDELSON: Yes, Dad belonged to the Progressive Club. I think he was president\nfor the longest of anybody else, because they changed the term. I think he was\npresident for 18 months, or two years, or something like that. He told me of an\nincident that I've remembered and I've acted on a few times. When he was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president, the Sisterhood was supposed to have a luncheon meeting there one day.\nHe was in New York. The manager of the club [Max Mendel] . . . What was his\nname? They moved to Columbus [Georgia] later. I can't remember his name. Anyway,\nhe cancelled the Sisterhood meeting because they were having a Valentine dance\nor some formal dance. It was too much trouble. Dad says he came home and he\ncalled the board, and says, \"We're going to have [the luncheon]. They can meet\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. It is our sisters.\" \"They're our mothers,\" he says, \"and our wives.\" He\nsays, \"We not going to tell them they can't use it. If it's too much trouble,\nthen we just won't have a big dance. We will do what we can. Prepare for it.\" He\nsays somebody on the board says, \"What if we don't go along with you?\" He says,\n\"I'll accept your resignation and I'll get a new board.\" He was a great guy.\n\nBERMAN: Did they belong to Mayfair also?\n\nYUDELSON: He founded the Mayfair Club. He was never the president, but he\nfounded with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. If you got pictures of it, you'll see him. I don't know if he\nwas treasurer or vice-president or something, but he was one of the founders of\nthe Mayfair Club. Later, when Uncle Sam [the United States government] put an\nexcess profit tax of 90 percent and was very lenient about how you spent your\nmoney as expense money, he joined the Standard Club also, because he had three\ndaughters he wanted to marry off. None of us ever used the Standard Club, to\nspeak of. I was a member of the Mayfair ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Club from the time I got married . . .\n\nBERMAN: Was your dad friends with A.L. Feldman?\n\nYUDELSON: Yes, A.L Feldman married dad's first cousin, Jennye Saul. I'll tell\nyou another incident that goes way forward. When my machatunim [Yiddish:\nin-laws], Ben Rosenberg--[my daughter] Robin's husband, Fred Rosenberg's\nparents--moved to Atlanta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifteen, eighteen years ago, he became very active in\nthe synagogue and also he worked with the Federation. He was very active in\nthat. Every time I'd seen him, he'd say, \"Harold, I met a cousin of yours.\" I\nsaid, \"I'll tell you, Bill. If they're Jewish and they've got a Southern accent,\nthey're probably related to me,\" which is almost literally true. You've run into\nthat, too. Everywhere you go, there's a cousin. I say the community was so small\nthat cousins were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marrying cousins, like my aunt and her first cousin married\nbrothers, two Weinkles, Jack and Barney Weinkle. The children would be double\nfirst cousins, wouldn't they? I say if the war hadn't come along and we imported\nnew blood, the next generation would had pointed heads or something.\n\nBERMAN: That is so funny. Where was I?\n\nYUDELSON: About the Jewish clubs.\n\nBERMAN: The clubs, yes. Was that mostly your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family's social life, the clubs?\n\nYUDELSON: I would say, yes. The people they played cards with and the people . .\n. They had dances there, about one a month or something. They'd go and dress up\non occasions for formal dances. I would say the community was relatively small.\nI would say between the family and the clubs--and they overlapped\nconsiderably--that was most of their social association, yes.\n\nBERMAN: Did you parents socialize with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who weren't Jewish as well? Did\nthey have any non-Jewish friends?\n\nYUDELSON: Very little. They had business associates with them, but I don't\nremember mother having any non-Jewish friends [and] no non-Jewish enemies,\nnobody that they went out with socially that I can remember. It's like [when] we\ngot to dating age, dating non-Jewish girls was farbotn [Yiddish: forbidden]. You\njust didn't do it. At that point, even our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"childhood friends, we sort of went\nour separate ways at that point.\n\nBERMAN: That was my next question. Did you ever date somebody that was not Jewish?\n\nYUDELSON: Are you asking for confession? I don't recall that I did in high\nschool. No, I don't think so.\n\nBERMAN: But what about dating young women from the German-Jewish community?\n\nYUDELSON: Yes, at that point, in high school, the barriers began to drop\nconsiderably because we knew each ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other from high school and we met on other\noccasions. Yes, I think it was almost as much . . . Not only that, many of the\nAA crowed had moved over to the Temple, so the distinction was being very much\nblurred at that point. I don't know that there was any great animosity, except\nDr. Marx before that, but the class distinction . . . Not only that, the Eastern\n[European] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community was getting much more affluent at that point. That\nalso broke down the barriers a great extent.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think, being a true Southerner, it is different being a Jewish\nperson of the South and being a Jewish person in the North?\n\nYUDELSON: At that point, probably yes. For example, my wife came . . . We got\nmarried in 1948. We moved over in the East ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wesley Apartments, brand new\napartments, cost us $90 a month and I remember, I'll say parenthetically here, I\nrecently found our first utility bill for July 1948. I ask you to guess what we\npaid for electricity and gas at that time. The two bills were a little less than\n$5. We didn't have anything. We didn't have a television. It was so damn hot;\nwe'd move the mattress downstairs. But, anyway, that's another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story. I would\nsay our mind set in racial relations was very Southern. I'll tell you this\nparenthetically. My wife and a friend of mine in Rhode Island, one time we were\ntalking about [it. They said,] \"We didn't know what was going on in the South.\"\nI don't really accept that. I say, \"You were just like Clark Gable. You just\ndidn't give a damn.\" Now, [President Franklin D.] Roosevelt's vice president was\nfrom ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Texas, [John Nance] Garner. His secretary of state was from South Carolina,\nJimmy Byrnes. His chief of staff [was] from Virginia, and [Roosevelt] spent his\nsummers in Georgia. Right. How much time . . . But he didn't know about Jim\nCrow, did he? And all these people did know about Jim . . . It was just not\nchallenged. It just was something that was accepted. So far as we knew, the\nblacks were happy. We lived in an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"illusion. There was no communication. I say\nthat I was talking the other day [about how] when I was growing up, we never\nknew a black man who was educated. Think about it, most Southerners never had\nany communication or any contact with anybody in the black community almost who\ncould read and write. When I was in high school, there were probably only four\nblack high schools in the state of Georgia. There was no such thing as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rural\nblack education system beyond grade school and that was set up by Julius\nRosenwald. If you haven't read his book, it's fascinating that he along with . .\n. Who's the head of Tuskegee Institute? He was instrumental in setting up 6,000\nrural black schools. There were none. The churches maybe taught them a little\nreading and writing. But that's the way it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back in the 1930s, up through the\n1930s until the war came along and changed things and we began to get to know\neach other. The blacks, the intellectual blacks . . . Atlanta was very\nfortunate. We had a couple of black colleges, so we had a black middle class.\nOther towns like Birmingham [Alabama], and Chattanooga [Tennessee], or Macon\n[Georgia], Jackson [Mississippi], they had no black middle class at all. If a\nblack wanted to get to high school . . . We probably had a black high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school in\nMacon, Columbus [Georgia], and Augusta [Georgia], outside of Atlanta, and one\nblack high school here. Of course, we had four white high schools here. That was\nall. If you look at the numbers, most people didn't graduate from high school in\nthe 1930s. That's the way it was.\n\nBERMAN: Was it a shock for your wife to come, being a northerner?\n\nYUDELSON: I started to tell you. A shock. We had a maid who came in whenever. I\nhad taken our one car to work that day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she wanted the maid to get home. She\ncalled a taxi and he wouldn't take her. She, of course, was furious, indignant.\nYou read my article that was in the newspaper? Have you read that?\n\nBERMAN: No.\n\nYUDELSON: You've got to read it. It's something I'm very proud of.\n\nBERMAN: The one you just brought in?\n\nYUDELSON: Yes, the one I just brought you. It was in the front of that book.\nBecause it said--this will get to my combat experience--I played bridge with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nblack major who had a Harvard law degree. Then I talked about when I bandaged up\nan infantry soldier. If he had only come to Atlanta in 1947, 1948 and walked\ninto Piedmont Park, he'd be arrested. That's the way . . . Now, a maid wearing a\nwhite uniform could walk white children in the park. They probably wouldn't\nbother her, but that's as close as they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came. They had their own parks, their\nown schools, their own business district, although they shopped, of course, in\nwhite stores. But the segregation was very real and the Jim Crow Laws were very\nreal also. When the boys came from the North and saw the white only water\nfaucets and waiting rooms, they were really shocked.\n\nBERMAN: I would like to move on now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"toward the late 1930s, early 1940s and the\nbeginning of World War II. First of all, you have a tremendously large family\nstill in Lithuania.\n\nYUDELSON: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have any idea what was happening to them?\n\nYUDELSON: I think so. My grandmother would hear from them every week and she was\nconstantly sending them packages and things. Then it suddenly stopped. After the\ninvasion, it came to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"screeching halt. I don't know if we really knew about the\nHolocaust. I don't know that. Of course, we had refugees. I remember Walter\nStrauss was in my Sunday School class. He was 13, and with 13 we talking about\n1936 or 1937. Bernie Halperin was the same age. I remember him. There must have\nbeen some others that I don't remember or didn't know as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much. I think both of\nthem came from Germany and I think both of them became very rich, by the way.\nI'll tell you parenthetically again, when I first heard about the Holocaust\nMuseum in Washington D.C., there was a little like one inch ad in probably one\nof the Jewish publications and a coupon. I wanted to contribute. [It was]\nprobably Hadassah ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Magazine. I sent a hundred dollars, which I thought was a good\ncontribution. I've been getting publications from them--a member of the 35, 50\ndollar, whatever it is--ever since. But I saw an article there once that said\nthey had 42 contributions of a million dollars or more--this is going back some\nyears--21 of them from Holocaust survivors. Isn't that amazing?\n\nBERMAN: That is amazing.\n\nYUDELSON: Who came over here and what they have achieved. Of course, at lot of\nthe Germans came out with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money early. The Germans didn't get hit . . . A lot of\nthem escaped, where the Eastern Europeans were overrun abruptly and they didn't\nescape. We'll get back to Atlanta . . .\n\nBERMAN: Let us get back to you. Did you enlist or were you drafted?\n\nYUDELSON: No, we can talk about high school for a moment.\n\nBERMAN: Let us talk about high school.\n\nYUDELSON: I went to Boys' High. Everybody I knew went to Boys' High. There, we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a relatively large Jewish population, probably as high as 20 percent, when\nthe population of Atlanta would have been one or two percent, maybe three. I\nremember you talked about antisemitism. The Jewish boys as usual would\ncongregate somewhat over in one section and somebody wrote in great big letters\nup there one time, 'Jerusalem.' Now just how antisemitic that was, it wasn't . .\n. I mean, you can look at it anyway you want to, but we took it as being\noffensive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anyhow. But high school basically . . . I'll tell you this, in my\nopinion, it was the finest high school in the whole United States. We had a\nprincipal, H.O. [Herbert Orlando] Smith. The school was about 1,200 or 1,300\npeople. It was in [the building] where Grady High School is now. During the\nDepression, the South had no money and Atlanta had no money. They built wood\nportables, they called them, with a pot-bellied stove in them, and knot holes in\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floor so the guys could stick a firecracker up through there from time to\ntime. But Mr. H.O. Smith, if you wanted to take Greek and you could get nine\nother guys to take it, he would teach it. He knew everybody in that school. He\nhad an assistant principal, Mr. H.O. 'Bulldog' Halsey. The boys, we . . . There\nwas [Jennings] Rose Room across . . . It was on Boulevard at Monroe Drive. Guys\nwould go over at lunch and have a beer. Halsey would get up the third floor with\nbinoculars, and he'd go over there, and drag them back to school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He'd drive\nover in his big old touring car. Also, there was a pool hall down next to the\nVarsity, the Cue Room. Guys would play hooky, and go over there, and he'd go\nover there, and bring them back to school. Old H.O. Smith didn't have any bad\nteachers. It was really a great prep school. I think Girls' High was comparable\nsort of. But we had a football coach, [R.L.] \"Shorty\" Doyal, who was . . . He\ntaught American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history. He knew the subject, but he didn't bother about\nteaching very much. He would go out into the countryside, and find outstanding\nfootball players, and bring them to Atlanta, and get their families a job. Boys'\nHigh and Tech High always had two of the best football teams in the state. They\nwere great rivals and they'd play. Yes, that was the big game of the year. There\nwould be a few fights on campus. One time, somebody ran a flag up the flagpole,\nto 'Hell with Boys' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High,' then greased the flag pole. Of course. somebody had\nto try to climb up there and get it down. I don't know remember whether they did\nor not. But that was not . . . High school was fun. We'd play hooky once in a\nwhile and drive out to Stone Mountain and climb it. Not only that, you knew the\npeople, so many of them so well. Many of them I'd been in school with from\ngrammar school. The neighborhood we lived in, Elmwood Drive, and that\nneighborhood, there were a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of professionals in it. It was middle class,\nupper middle class, I guess it was. These kids ended up at Boys' High and the\ngirls at Girls' High. One time, with [Daniel L. O'Keefe Junior High School], I\nremember an incident. We were in a car pool with Mr. Isadore Kunianksy. There\nwas [his daughter] Harriet, and my sister, and I don't remember, I think one\nother girl, four of us. It started to snow. Mr. Kuniansky picked us up about an\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hour late. Of course, nice Southern girls didn't get out and push a car in those\ndays. I pushed that damn car practically all the way from Piedmont Park to\nO'Keefe. We got there; it was snowing. We had about eight inches of snow. They\nshowed us a movie, Captain Blood, and turned us loose. Me and my friend, Sonny\nHubbell, walked home through Piedmont Park and put our initials on the golf\ncourse. It took us forever to get home because we were in no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hurry. We loved the\nsnow. Junior high school and high school basically were pleasant and fun. Made a\nlot of good friends there.\n\nBERMAN: Who were some of your good friends in high school?\n\nYUDELSON: There was Joe Schlesinger, Harvey Jacobson, Ted Levitas, Jack Lincoln,\nHarvey Cohen, Jack Cohen, the VIP club, we, the other. . . Of course, you could\ngo on. Burton Levin [sp] was another. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were all on the baseball team together.\nWe used to go on the streetcar over. There was a field--I guess it belonged to\nthe city--where we had our baseball league, the softball league, near Grant\nPark. I'd get up on Sunday morning, and go on the streetcar before I could\ndrive. We played ball every week.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: This is tape two. Today is May 29 [2008]. We are once again here with\nHarold Yudelson, who has agreed to do an interview for the Esther and Herbert\nTaylor Oral History Project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\nWelcome back.\n\nYUDELSON: Thank you.\n\nBERMAN: At the end of the last time, you had talked a lot about your family, and\ngrowing up in Atlanta, and your parents. We had gotten to your high school years.\n\nYUDELSON: May I give you two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incidents that might be relevant because you showed\nsome interest? I remember my mother talking about the race riots in Atlanta,\nprobably in 1912.\n\nBERMAN: 1906.\n\nBERMAN: Nineteen-o-six, when her maid couldn't go home. A black person couldn't\ngo out on the street. She stayed with them for two or three nights while that\nwas getting over that. The other was during the Leo Frank problem, when I don't\nrecall her mentioning any violence against the Jews at that time, but the\ncommunity was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apprehensive. The whole Jewish community was on edge and\nconcerned, so I guess they limited their activities. I thought I'd mention those\nthings. The other thing is Mother used to tell us about Halley's comet. I think\nit was about 1910, or 1912, or something like that. She got on the back porch\nand watched it. It covered about one-third of the sky. The last time they saw\nit, they said, \"Goodbye, Haley. We'll see you.\" When is it? Nineteen eighty-six\nor something? She saw it again, or she tried to see it. I used to kid her. She\nsaid how beautiful it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. I said, \"Can you really believe anybody over 80,\nbecause it wasn't much this time?\" I just thought those three incidents might be\nrelevant to our growing up. Go ahead.\n\nBERMAN: If I could just ask you about the race riot. That is really interesting.\nDid she mention anything else about it, what it was like?\n\nYUDELSON: No, except that I understand--you've probably got documentation--a\nnumber of black people on the street were beaten up and killed. Anytime that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happens, I'm sure the Jewish community is apprehensive about it, too. Other than\nthat, she had memories, but not much memory because she was very young. Other\nthan that, I didn't know anything about it.\n\nBERMAN: What was high school like for you? Was it a great experience?\n\nYUDELSON: It was pleasant. Everybody was having sweet sixteen parties. Boys'\nHigh was, in my opinion, probably the best school in the whole world. We had a\nprincipal called H.O. Smith. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He knew everybody. The story was: if you wanted to\ntake Greek and get nine others to take it with you, he would teach the course.\nThat's the kind of principal [he was]. He didn't have any bad teachers. I'll say\nparenthetically here, when I got to Penn, which is supposed to be a pretty\ntough, Ivy League school, I made better grades at Penn with less work than I\nmade at Boys' High. We were well prepared for college. It was a good school, had\ngreat spirit, and we still have the Boys' High alumni Society, as your probably\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. They had I think over 300 people . . . The school ended in 1947. We had\nover 300 people of the 1,400 or whatever they have devised that are still alive\nat the . . . What is the club there on Paces Ferry [Road]? At a luncheon there.\nBoys' High was very pleasant.\n\nBERMAN: How did a nice, young, Jewish boy from Atlanta end up at Penn?\n\nYUDELSON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were a few associations. My father had some business associates\nthat were familiar with or graduated from the Wharton School, or some of their\nsons, that he . . . of his contemporaries had been to the Wharton School. It was\nrecommended. It was then, and it probably is, the best undergraduate business\nschool in the country. I applied and, to my surprise, I got in. My high school\ngrades weren't that good. I say facetiously, or it may be true, I got in because\nof affirmative action. At that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, they announces at our orientation that all\n48 states and five foreign countries were represented in the 400 people from the\nfreshman class. Me and Lily Kaplan [sp] from Macon were probably as good as they\ncould get from Georgia. It was geographic affirmative action. I remember there\nwere a couple of guys from Florida and a couple of boys from Alabama, so that\nmay be how I got there. But you asked a question and one of my professors asked\nthe same question. I told him I wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see how the Yankees had been\nexploiting the South these 90 years. He took that in good spirit. That's how I\ngot to Penn in Philadelphia.\n\nBERMAN: Was it a big change for you, going up North?\n\nYUDELSON: Not too much. It wasn't different from my expectations, except when I\ngot up there with no summer-type clothes and it was warm as the dickens in\nSeptember and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"October. No, I wouldn't say there were any real surprises in the school.\n\nBERMAN: Did most of your friends end up going to Georgia schools?\n\nYUDELSON: Yes, Emory [University] and [the University of] Georgia. The Boys'\nHigh Class was scattered pretty much. They were at Yale[University], Harvard\n[University], Princeton [University], Tulane [University], all of the . . .\nBoy's High really qualified ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you for pretty much any school you wanted to go to.\nMy guess is 90 percent of my graduating class at least started college. We got\nscattered around. I really can't answer your question. I don't know.\n\nBERMAN: Before you left for college, did you attend any of the social functions\nhere in Atlanta like Ballyhoo, or was that for older kids?\n\nYUDELSON: I didn't. My sisters did subsequently, but I never went to Ballyhoo.\nWe were at that time still in a pretty separate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"social community. We had our own clubs.\n\nBERMAN: What year did you go to college?\n\nYUDELSON: I started in September 1941.\n\nBERMAN: You were how old?\n\nYUDELSON: I was seventeen. My war started for me, like everybody else, on\nDecember 7, 1941. I was going to a fraternity smoke on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sunday afternoon. I\nremember Lily Kaplan from Macon, Georgia came running out [yelling], \"We're at\nwar! We're at war!\" I said, \"Oh, bologna.\" We'd had a number of incidences--in\nthe Panay incident, they bombed our gun boat and some other incidences. When I\ngot to the fraternity house, everybody was clustered around the radio. I'd never\nheard of Pearl Harbor and most of them didn't know where Pearl Harbor is, but it\nwas apparent that we were at war at that point. This, I think, is an interesting\nincident. A fellow named Mort ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zalk from Duluth, Minnesota--I think his folks had\na lot of money. They were in the steel, or scrap metal business, or\nsomething--he had a car, which was very unusual for a freshman. He says all of a\nsudden, \"Let's go to Washington [D.C.]!\" I'm not sure why, but three of us--me\nand a fellow who became the best man at my wedding, Dave Goldstein--got in his\ncar and drove to Washington. We couldn't get a hotel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room. By now, it's getting\ndark. It was nine o'clock or something. There were no hotel rooms at all. We\nparked in front of the Capitol. There was a big open space there for parades and\nso forth. We sat there all night. Nobody had bothered us. Nobody spoke to us.\nNobody said a word to us. We get up in the morning, the Marines are on top of\nthe Capitol with their machine guns. They never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bothered us. Nobody bothered us.\nWe went to call on all our senators and congressmen, trying to get a pass to get\ninside. We couldn't because it was a joint session. They only had two each. We\nwent back and parked in our established spot in front of the Capital. After a\nwhile--we listened to the radio--Roosevelt comes by with his team and security\non both sides of him. Nobody spoke to us--three young men sitting in a car all\nby themselves. Can you imagine this? We sat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there and listened to the radio, and\nheard the speech of the \"day of infamy.\" After he spoke, they called the roll to\ndeclare war on Germany and Japan. We noticed that people were leaving. It was\npretty long, tedious . . . We decided we'd go in. We got out. We went into the\nCapital, walked up to the gallery, sat there. We heard Representative [Jeannette\nPickering] Rankin, I think from Montana, cast the only 'no' vote out of the 500\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. When it was all over, we got in the car and went home. Can you\nimagine that today? We'd be in Guantanamo. That was my introduction to the war.\n\nBERMAN: What had your parents and your family spoken about prior to us ending up\nin the war? Were they anxious for the United States to go to war? How much did\nthey know about what was happening in Europe and what was happening to your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatives in Europe?\n\nYUDELSON: We were aware, of course, not of the Holocaust, but of the\npersecution. Incidentally, I have noticed the Nuremberg Laws look like our Jim\nCrow laws if you ever compare them. I know my grandmother on my father's side\nwas in continuous contact by mail with the folks in Lithuania and also in South\nAfrica, but all that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"irrelevant. We used to share the stamps we got back.\nThat came to an abrupt halt when the Germans . . . The Russians invaded\nLithuania first. They overran that area. Dad was very active--as you probably\nknow, you've got some documentation here--in the whatever it was, the Jewish\nFederation, the beginning . . . He was very concerned. The youngsters, we knew\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it and we felt for it, but we weren't much involved in it. Like I said, the\nHolocaust probably hadn't started then either, but the refugee problem was\nsomething that everybody in the Jewish community was concerned with.\n\nBERMAN: Were your family trying to get the relatives out at this point?\n\nYUDELSON: I don't know. Probably, but I really don't know that.\n\nBERMAN: You go back to school. The war breaks out. What happens to you?\n\nYUDELSON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had just turned eighteen on December 2. The war was December 7. The\nArmy couldn't draft eighteen[-year-olds]. They just couldn't take that many in\nat one time, so they were taking in, moving down the scale. They had taken the\nnineteen[-year-olds] and we knew that we would be drafted when we became\nnineteen. Along came about September of 1942. The Army had a representative and\ntold us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, if we would enlist so that they could immediately get their hands\non us and assign us, that they would tell the draft board and we would not be\ngoing until the end of the semester, which was the end of February. On December\n9 at home, they got a notice from the Draft Board that I was to report right\naway. But they were informed and we had verified with the Army that I had\nalready enlisted, so I stayed in college until I think February 22. February 22,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"23, and 24 virtually the entire sophomore class of eighteen, nineteen-year-olds,\nwe all went in at virtually the same time because we'd all made that\n[agreement]. Some of the fellows, that Monday morning after December 8, 1941,\nsome of the older ones went down and enlisted right away. During the period, a\nlot of them had undertaken the Navy V programs or whatever. They went in, so\nthey could be in their branch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[and] not be dealt out like I was.\n\nBERMAN: You went into Officers Training?\n\nYUDELSON: No, that was a year later. When I went in, Fort Meade, it was\nFebruary. I remember going down there.\n\nBERMAN: Where is Fort Meade?\n\nYUDELSON: Fort Meade, Maryland, near Baltimore. We'd gone there. The usual\nprocesses took us about three days for the tests and so forth. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember my\nfirst morning in the army, they blew the whistle and it was still pitch dark. We\ngo out there and I'm looking at the moon through the pine trees. I couldn't find\nmy socks, so I'm sitting there with my shoes on, and an overcoat, and he's\ncalling the roll. That's when I knew I wasn't going to like the army. They get\nup too early. We went through the usual processes. I took all the tests. Then\nyou had an interview by I guess it was PFC [Private First Class] or a corporal.\nThey assigned you a job or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. He said, \"Well, your grades are pretty\ngood. What would you like to be?\" I said, \"Engineers.\" I didn't know engineers\nwere basically all black labor battalions. He looked at me and he says--I\nweighed about 125 pounds--I was probably too light. I don't if he meant in color\nor weight. I'm not sure. Anyway, he puts down, \"Interviewer's recommendation;\nOrdinance\" [because my] mechanical aptitude was pretty good, \"Field\nartillery\"--you had to do a little arithmetic--and, \"Quartermaster.\" They cut\nthe orders for me and I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Infantry at Camp Wheeler. The good news there\n[was that] the army deliberately sent you away from home. Home, as far as the\narmy was concerned, was Philadelphia, so they sent me to Camp Wheeler in Macon,\nGeorgia. I got a couple of breaks. On one or two occasions, I had a break and I\ngot to come home. In fact, when my sister got married, my brother-in-law, Bernie\nSmith, had a friend who was in our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unit, a sergeant. He got me a weekend pass,\nwhich was unusual in basic training. It wasn't part . . . He got me out for a\ncouple of days, overnight, so I could go to the wedding.\n\nBERMAN: Which sister was this?\n\nYUDELSON: Edith, my oldest sister, married Bernie Smith. You've probably got\nthem here, too. The interesting thing about basic training, there were three\ngroups of us in this particular unit, [there were] a bunch of guys from\nGeorgetown University, and a bunch from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Penn, and a bunch of guys from Harlan\nCounty [in southeastern] Kentucky. Now, that's as high up in Appalachia as you\ncan get. These guys were virtually primitive. We had no problem getting\ntogether. I got there the first night. There was this big ole fella, Smitty, I\nremember. He was rocking back and forth, holding his jaw. He had a toothache. In\nour culture, if you've got a toothache, you do something about it. He'd gone to\ncompany headquarters and they told him to come back in the morning. I said,\n\"Come on. We got do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something.\" I don't think he could read or write. I walked\nwith him--being brand new in the army--to the aid station, where they gave the\npoor thing two aspirin [a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory drug] and [told\nhim to] come back in the morning. He was my friend forever at that point. Big\nfella. We had no problems getting along with each other except some of the guys\nI think had never seen indoor plumbing. The sergeant made us put them in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shower and give them what you call a 'G.I. Shower,' where you take those stiff,\nbristly brushes and scrub them down so they learn how to take a shower. Basic\ntraining was deliberately an ordeal. It wasn't like the marines, but they really\nsock it to ya. I remember Sergeant Ferarra, the meanest man I ever ran into. He\nwas a Brooklyn [New York] dockhand. He was in charge of our unit. He was very\nfair, but he was tough. One day, he caught ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me chewing gum in the ranks. [He\nsaid,] \"Yudelson, you chewing gum?\" [I said,] \"Yeah.\" He said, \"Put in your\npocket,\" and he hit it. He was nice to me because he made another guy put it in\nhis hair and smear it. It was good training. Then we got a real break. The army\nlooked at the situation and this is the spring of 1943 now. Was it then? Yes, I\nguess it was. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, it was still 1943 because I went in in 1943. The army set up\nwhat they call ASTP, Army Specialized Training Unit. They figured they better\nput some guys back in college because the war could last ten years. We were\ntaking a pretty good beating at that time. I think they pulled maybe 300,000\nyoung people [that] had some college or college qualified. They scattered us\naround colleges all over the country. Some of these guys came out of pretty\ncushy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"units, like quartermaster, air force, and so forth. Those of us going in\nthe infantry, that was great for us. I remember one fellow from Indianapolis\n[Indiana]. He said he wasn't going to go. He was real bright, but a real country\nboy. He had never been on any kind of public transportation. He'd been to\nCincinnati one time on a family truck from the farm. He was asking me, \"How do\nwe get a train?\" when we got our furlough after basic training. He went to ASTP\nwith us. I used to coach him a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit in his arithmetic or math because he\nhad a country school. He didn't have the kind of education we have. We went to\nASTP. They sent us to Washington, Pennsylvania. I don't know if this is relevant\nor interesting . . .\n\nBERMAN: No, it is great.\n\nYUDELSON: We were on the train going. The trains were filthy old choo-choo\ntrains. We were in coaches. There were a bunch of WACs [Women's Army Corps] on\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train with us going somewhere else. We get to Cincinnati and we had some\nhours layover between [the next train]. We had paired off [with] some of these\nWACs, about three or four of us. We decided we we're going to go to a hotel and\ntake a shower--you know how dirty trains were in those days--so we did. We down\nto, I think it was the St. Netherland, which was a big, beautiful hotel. We got\na room. The gals ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went upstairs, and they took their showers, and got dressed\nwhile we waited in the lobby. Then we went upstairs. It was a different time.\nAlso, it seems to me on that trip, or maybe it was another leave, I had an\nexperience where it was Yom Kippur. Some of us had time between trains. We went\nand found a synagogue for a couple of hours and then got back to it. ASTP was\nreally not a picnic. We had 80 scheduled hours a week. That included a certain\namount of drill [and] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"included a number of study hours. About the only time we\nhad to ourselves was maybe a few hours Saturday night and a few hours Sunday\nafternoon. But the Jewish community in Washington, [Pennsylvania] found us and\ntook care of us. When we did have this time, we would visit their homes and\neverything. They were very nice. I don't know how big the unit was, maybe there\nwere 1,200 of us or 900 of us in this particular school at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. [It was]\nan interesting coincidence because my brother-in-law, Bernie Smith, was up there\nfor a short time, taking some kind of course in personnel. Go ahead.\n\nBERMAN: How did you decide on the army and not the navy or the air force?\n\nYUDELSON: I didn't have any choice. I didn't enlist. I mean, when I enlisted, I\nenlisted to stay out for a couple of months. Then the assignment was made. In\nfact, my roommate . . . I've got to tell you about the summer of 1942. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr.\nIsadore Kuniansky was the chief engineer, I think, for Southern Bell or AT\u0026T.\nHis responsibility was putting in a coaxial cable from the Ohio River to Atlanta\nthey were gonna use for television, which we hadn't seen at that time, but they\nwere preparing for it. He needed people because they were drafting his people as\nsoon as he could hire them. He gave me a job on a survey crew. My job was to cut\ndown the brush and clear the line for the transit site. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I reported to him in his\noffice. He gave me a ticket to Nashville. That was on a train. Another ticket on\na bus to Owensboro, Kentucky. Another ticket was to Beaver Dam, Kentucky. We get\nto Beaver Dam and there's a big sign, \"Population 602, unincorporated.\" The\nreason they're there is they stayed as close to the work day everyday and they\nmoved every day or two down the line. That night, I wanted to call home. They\nhad a crank phone on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wall. The hotel was the six rooms over the town café.\nI didn't get an operator. I asked, \"Well, how do you work this thing?\" She\ncranked it, and got an operator for me, and handed it to me, and said, \"What's\nthe matter with you city fellas? Haven't you ever seen a telephone before?\" I\nspent that summer working from the Ohio River to the Tennessee border. It was a\ngood job at $15 a week and all expenses, three meals a day, and a bed, and so\nforth. I remember going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Grand Ole Opry, that I had never heard of. I\ndivert. Anyway, they wanted to go, so I went. I remember Roy Acuff. Two songs he\nsang, I'll tell you why I remember them. One was [\"Wreck on the Highway\" which\nsaid], \"I seen a wreck on the highway but I didn't see nobody pray. I smelled\nthe whiskey and I seen the blood but I didn't . . .\" The other one was, \"I\nthought she was a local, but she was fast express. She said I was a yokel and\nshe was right I guess.\" Anyway, when I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to basic training six months later or\nwhatever it was, I think Smitty, or one of these guys had a guitar and they sat\non the bed and I must have heard that song a thousand times. That's why I\nremember to this day. Let's get back to the army.\n\nBERMAN: Once this ASTP was over, then what?\n\nYUDELSON: That's the only time I ever made all 'A's. The rumor was they were\ngonna ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"send some of us to us to advance and keep it. They didn't. I made all\n'A's. I got a nice certificate of scholastic achievement of excellence and I\nwent right back to the infantry. The 84th Infantry Division was in its final\nstages of training. It takes eighteen months to create a staff and train a\ndivision. It takes eight or ten weeks to create a rifleman. They had stripped\nthe unit continuously of all of its buck privates [enlisted men of the lowest\nrank] and sent them over [to Europe] as replacements, except the illiterates. We\nget to this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"company and we've got a bunch of college boys with a bunch of\n[Native Americans] from New Mexico and Arizona. Nice guys, but they couldn't\nread and write, most of them. They gave us special training and sent us out on\nnight problems--the college boys--and map reading. They'd always send one of\nthese guys to find us, and bring us home when we got lost. We were packed up and\nready to go to Europe.\n\nBERMAN: What year was it now?\n\nYUDELSON: Now it's 1944 because I went there right after the first of the year.\nWe got to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louisiana, Camp Claiborne. It was a miserable place. We were in those\ntarpaper shacks. You've probably seen pictures of them. When it got hot, it was\nreally hot. The guys from up North were complaining how hot. I said, \"You\nhaven't seen nothing yet. Just wait.\" Anyway, we were packed and ready to go\nover for the invasion. I remember that morning of D-Day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we were very happy\nthey started without us. Then, I got a break. This is something I never told\nmany people. Mr. Moise Kaplan, one of my father's very close friends, wrote a\nbook, a fisherman. He was an insurance broker. Somewhere along the line, he'd\ngotten very close with some very high military people, generals. He wrote a\nletter of recommendation for me about recommending me for OCS, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the family,\nand so forth. I was called for an interview. I got into Infantry OCS. I remember\n. . . It's interesting. Whatever the number three man in the division, Colonel\n[Louis] Truman, was the Vice-President [Harry S. Truman] at that time's cousin.\nHe interviewed me and after I'd already been accepted by the board, I stood at\nattention. He says, \"How tall are you, soldier?\" I said, \"Five [feet], six\n[inches], Sir.\" He said, \"That's tall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough.\" He was the same height. I got\ninto Infantry OCS and there was a guy named Hebnah [sp], the commanding general\nof the unit. I think his brother or I'm not sure . . . S.S. Hebnah was an\ninstructor or professor at Penn, who helped design the Social Security program\nwith Roosevelt. Anyway, I had no contact with these people obviously. I went to\nInfantry OCS. That was probably August of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944. They worked us pretty hard. We\nwere to graduate around the tenth. About the fifteenth of December, the Battle\nof the Bulge broke out broke out about a week before we graduated. Normally, the\npolicy was you would have about three months of troop duty to get acclimated to\nbeing saluted, and saluting, and commanding, and so forth, but they needed\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"replacements. Meanwhile, they sent me to Little Rock, Arkansas [to Camp]\nRobinson. My platoon that I was training was a bunch of kids, Japanese boys,\nfrom Hawaii. They'd never seen cold weather. The coldest weather they'd ever\nseen was probably 69 degrees [Fahrenheit] or 70. We had terrible problems in the\nBattle of the Bulge with trench foot. This was February. I had to give a lecture\non what it was and how to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevent it. That was what it was all about. We were\nout on the field one day. It was raining, drizzling and freezing, icicles on a\nhelmet and icicles on boots. These kids were [saying,] \"Lieutenant, we got\ntrench foot.\" I got orders after about three weeks. I was going to go overseas.\nI got to come home for a few days. I reported to [Fort] Meade again. They\nprepared us. I remember this old--I guess he was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leftover from World War\nI--grey haired captain. He says, \"Gentlemen, you're only gonna be here about\nthree days. You can't make love to all the women and drink all the whiskey in\nBaltimore while you're here.\" He says, \"You can't take any whiskey on the boat\nwith you, but the best place to carry it is in your zed bag.\" That's a backpack.\nThen we went to [Camp] Myles Standish up in Boston [Massachusetts], which was\nwhere we loaded on the boats. The guys up there were supposed to get--they were\nclose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by--an overnight pass to visit their folks. We got about ten inches of\nsnow and they missed their last opportunity to go home. Then we got on the boat.\nI remember Alvin Greenberg. [He was] a little younger than me. He'd just\nfinished basic training. I heard he was on the same boat with me. I'll tell you\nanother non-combat incident. When I got to shoot . . . They assigned arbitrarily\nforty men to an officer. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kid I got had come from Alaska. He had a German\nShephard dog he had picked up in Alaska. How he got there with a dog, I'll never\nknow. All the other guys were taking all of his equipment, putting it in their\nduffle bags, and he hid the dog in his duffle bag. Everybody knew about the dog.\nI said, \"Caslan, what are you gonna do about the dog?\" He says, \"I don't want to\nknow about it. I don't want to hear about it. I don't want to see him. Nothing.\"\nWe all ignored the dog. The guy carries that dog on the boat and, for about a\nweek on that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat, I never saw the dog. He'd take it [out] at night, I guess.\nThe guys all shared some food for him or something. Then we get to . . . The\nboat trip . . . I was on the finest, newest, most luxurious boat ever made in\nthe United States. It was the Independence or Constitution. They changed the\nname from one to the other. It had a cabin for two and there were fourteen of us\nin it. The rest of the enlisted men--you've seen pictures of them--they were\nfour deep. The bunks were so close ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together, a big man couldn't lie on his\nshoulder. You had two meals a day. I was up in . . . We had a little cabin for\nofficers. We were playing cards up there or something. I hear an explosion and\nthe boat lists. I said, \"That water's going to be mighty cold.\" What happened\nwas some escorts . . . We picked up escorts. We were too fast for a convoy. They\napparently thought they heard something and they dropped some depth charges. I\nfigured the boat doesn't have any armor so it would blast it much. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We weren't in\ndanger apparently. We landed in Glasgow [Scotland], including the dog.\nEverybody's throwing their equipment--their duffle bags--on the luggage cart.\nThey let him do it last so the dog would be on top and not buried under all of\nthem. We get down to Liverpool [England] and we get on a boat. It was so darn\nfoggy you couldn't see the mast of the boat. We stayed a day or two. When they\ncrossed the [English] Channel to those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"metal docks [artificial harbors] that I\nthink [Winston] Churchill had invented--it wasn't a big boat but it was still up\nabout 30 feet--they're throwing all the duffle bags off the boat onto the dock.\nWhat do you do with the dog? A sergeant was up there with a British major,\nsupervising that. They put the dog in his duffle bag aside. That dog hadn't\nmoved. They threw them all over until they got to him. They had a little pully\nwith wooden boxes where they had all the personnel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"records. They put the dog on\nit, put the duffle bag on there. The major never said anything. The last I\nheard, that guy was on the train with us going to the front line and the dog was\nstill with him. I thought that was an interesting thing.\n\nBERMAN: I read about that in your letters because you wrote about the dog to\nyour parents. You did write about the dog. How were your parents doing through\nall of this?\n\nYUDELSON: You'd have to ask my sisters. I got cheerful letters and occasionally,\nwhen they could, they sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me a bottle of ketchup. I didn't realize how many\n[ration] points it took. We knew very little about rationing in the army. We\nknew they had rationing. When I got out of the OCS and in OCS, my dad had bought\nme a small car. We knew gasoline was rationed. I'll admit now, on a few\noccasions, I bought some black-market gas so I could come home with a car full\nof friends from Columbus, Georgia. But we didn't know much about rationing. How\nthe folks were reacting, I'd have to say, as far as I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew, it was normal, their\nconcern. In fact, when I was at [Fort] Meade, I was going to be there for about\nthree days. They came up on the train, which must have been one miserable trip\njust to spend the day with me, and then they went back home. I got overseas, and\nI got the letters, and wrote letters. My sisters kept up pretty good with me.\n\nBERMAN: It seems from your letters that they needed letters all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time and you\nwere so busy doing your job that it was difficult for you to write as much as\nthey wanted you to.\n\nYUDELSON: Sometimes, particularly in combat. You had time, but you just didn't\nhave anything to write with and so forth. I don't know how often I wrote home. I\nthought I did pretty good, but in retrospect, maybe it wasn't too good. It\nwasn't daily.\n\nBERMAN: Go on. You get to . . .\n\nYUDELSON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They sent us on trucks from the boat. No, we went to a train. During\nthe First World War, [the train cars could each carry] forty men or eight\nhorses. We'd gotten fatter, so it was thirty-two men to a boxcar. That was just\nabout enough room so everybody could lie down in the boxcar. They gave us three\nday's rations. It was only about an inch and a half on the map. It's only about\n200 miles from Le Havre [France] to Verviers, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belgium, where we were going. I\nsaid, \"Three days? That's ridiculous [for] 200 miles.\" We didn't make it in\nthree days. Every time they had ammunition, or food, or cigarettes going by, we\nwere on a siding. We spent over three days in this boxcar. We began to furnish\nit. Every time it stopped, somebody went and got some hay, or found a sofa, or\nsomething. You have to stop about every two hours for everybody to get off and\ndo their business and so forth, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were on that train for three and a half or\nfour days. We got to Verviaz and they marched us over to a camp there. The\nfloors were mud. It was miserable, raining and so forth. I remember Verviers was\na short walk away, a half mile or a mile away. We weren't supposed to go into\ntown, but the sergeant who was there said, \"We'll take you.\" We go into town and\nwe decide to finish off some of my whiskey. I really got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drunk. I remember I\ndanced with some girl and somebody says, \"Lieutenant, do you think maybe you\nought to sit down?\" The next morning was March the first. I forgot I had\narranged to have part of my pay put into bonds or something. I drew full pay, so\nthe next month, I didn't get any pay to make up for it. After one or two nights\nthere, we were taken to the front line. We were already close enough so way off\nin the distance you could see the artillery going like lightening. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You could\nhear it. We were on this sunken road. They had this soldier taking us as a\nguide. We get over to this chateau and we report to the regimental commander of\nthe 16th Infantry Regiment, me and one other guy, a lieutenant. We report and\nhe's in a room like a ballroom, sitting at a desk. We report to him. He says,\n\"Gentlemen, this is a regular army outfit. We expect you to conduct yourselves\nlike ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regular army officers. Dismissed.\" That was my introduction to the 16th\nInfantry. Then he takes us to battalion headquarters where there was a\nlieutenant colonel or a major. He showed us the maps, and everything, and told\nus where we would be assigned, who was on our right, and who was on our left,\nand what to expect in the next few hours. They take us to this factory. This is\nwhere that book kicks in. This guy mentions they had taken Bad Gadsburg the day\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before. It's midnight. I couldn't see anything. I go in this room, which is\ndark. The captain says, \"Find a place to sleep. We don't think we're going to\nmove tonight.\" I take off my boots. That was my pillow. I lay down. I remember\nthe floor were these little white octagon tiles that were fairly prevalent in\nthose days. A couple hours later, [I heard,] \"On your feet. Moving out.\" It was\npitch dark. I told the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sergeant that it was supposed to be a platoon. There's\nnothing I can do about it now. We get up and we started moving. I remember at\nthat time, one of the kids by the name of Kruger--it's funny how you remember\nnames--had found a bottle of wine and he was drunk. He fell out on the side of\nthe road. According to the Articles of War, if you're drunk and facing the\nenemy, the penalty was \"death or as a court martial may direct.\" This was a\nregular army outfit. The colonel busted him from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PFC to private, [which] cost\nhim about $6 a month, restricted him to company areas, which means he couldn't\nget off line for two months or something like that. We needed him it seemed to\nme. I was impressed with army justice from that time on. The same thing happened\nsome weeks later to a medic, who literally deserted, and they sent him back on\nline. We got on line. We took the place of a company that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was going to be making\nthe attack. We went into their foxholes and there we were. The next day, we\nmoved forward some. I remember seeing the first dead German I ever saw, lying on\nthe side of the road in a burned-out tank. It was still burning. We went around\nit because we didn't know how much it was going to explode. That was my\nintroduction to combat. It was very real, like in the movie. Then, it's pretty\nhazy for the next few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days. We didn't have any direct combat. The reason, being\nthe newest officer in the company or the newest platoon leader, we were kept in\nreserve, where two units would be forward and one platoon back in reserve. We\nweren't committed in the actual attacks for the next three or four days. Then,\nwe got to Bonn, Germany. I remember up on the hill there, we were looking at it.\nBonn is on the Rhine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"River. We could see the city well. We moved out across the\nrailroad yards. We met. What do we do? Where do we go? We looked at the map. My\nsector was some buildings that were facing a big plaza on the riverfront. We\nstarted up the street. The town was so badly bombed that you almost couldn't\nfind the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"streets. We come around this curve, and a machine gun opened up, and\nmissed me by about six inches. We ducked into a doorway. We shot the lock, or\nbusted the lock, or whatever. There were half a dozen men with me. The rest were\nback far enough so they didn't get shot at at that point. Went on the second\nfloor and I could see the machine gun there. I asked these kids, boys--they'd\nbeen in there a while, anywhere from . . . longer than I had--\"Who's the best\nshot?\" Guy said, \"Me. Move ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over.\" He hit the machine gunner. We could see that.\nThen, the Germans brought up a tank. We went out the back window, got up on the\nroof, hid in the back. By now, it's getting dark. The Germans were parading down\nthere like . . . They were crossing the Rhine. They were evacuating the river.\n\nI asked the company commander--I'll give you some fairly vivid descriptions of\nwhat was going on--\"What do I do?\" He said, \"Yudelson, you've got a very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"critical situation.\" I said, \"Yeah, but what do you want me to do?\" He says, \".\n. . got a critical situation . . .\" I said, \"Alright.\" There are a lot of people\nout there. I can't control a platoon. It's dark and the place is all beat up. I\nsaid, \"Give a machine gun and we'll attack them.\" I sent a runner back. The\nmachine gun comes up. I was going to take about ten men and a machine gun. The\nsergeant says, \"Lieutenant, we can't win this war by ourselves. They're going to\nbe gone in the morning.\" I sat on a pile of bricks, in a bombed-out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building, in\na cellar, to think about whether I should and fell asleep. We were pretty tired.\nA few hours later, daylight, some guy comes across that same plaza. He's got his\nrifle slung on his shoulder like he's back home, and he says, \"We got a bridge!\"\nThat was Remagen, about twenty miles down the stream. We had the bridge. The\nGermans were gone. They put us on a truck. I hadn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yet lost a man. I thought I\nwas a good officer. We went down to Remagen. We took billets in the little town\nthere. There was this captain--he got a battlefield commission--who had been\nthrough North Africa, been through it all. His nerves were really shot. It\nwasn't cowardice or scared, he just couldn't light a cigarette one night when we\nwere under fire. He told me to train the men in house ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to house fighting. They've\nall been through this a lot longer than I have, so I was giving them a break. He\ncomes back and, in army terminology, he stood me at attention and bored me a new\none. He said, \"You're supposed to be training these people.\" I put them to work.\nHe was right and I was wrong, in retrospect. A couple of days later, they were\ncrossing the bridge as fast as they could because the bridge was a total\nsurprise to everybody. It was in an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area that you would have never of crossed\nbecause the road there was terrible. There was only one road out of town, but we\nwere throwing everything we could. I've often wondered, if I got to that bridge\nfirst, would I have crossed the damn thing? Truth is, there was virtually no\ncombat crossing it because they were going to blow it up. When the charges\ndidn't go off, this lieutenant took his people across there. They captured a few\ndozen people that were Volkssturm. Most of the town ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were in this tunnel\nas protection from being bombed both by their own people and our people. We got\nthere and then we went up into the town. That's where that picture was in the\nNational Geographic was taken of Remagen. At night, we were billeted and the\nfront line was maybe a mile away. That night, we stayed in the town. I put my\nplatoon in the basement of two or three houses that were assigned to us. I went\nupstairs to look around. They had this beautiful, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice, fresh bed. I got in that\ndamn thing. I ought to have been in the cellar. They kept shelling the town and\nthese tiles would trickle down. I spent the night in that damn thing. I didn't\ntake my boots off. I felt a little guilty messing up that nice bed. It's funny.\nThe next day, we moved out and we marched up to the front line. That's when we\nstarted really fighting. Except for a few incidences, the next four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks . . .\nIt's tedium and you're bored. There's a couple interesting conclusions you come\nto and it doesn't take long, maybe two or three weeks. First, you're playing for\nkeeps and there are no rules. If you want to survive, you better get below\nground as quick as you can. There was a kid, Harvey Klein, from Brooklyn, who\nspoke Yiddish. The other lieutenants, the other officers, had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used him as a\nrunner. I inherited him, so he was my runner and my interpreter. We bonded\npretty close. He was one of the one or two people that I got to know. When we\ngot to where we were gonna to be, he'd dig a foxhole immediately while I was\nsupposedly supervising the platoon. There were a couple of occasions where he\nwould dive in it and I'd get on top of him, or vice versa, whoever was closest\nto the foxhole. You better get below ground if you're going to survive. Another\nwas you become a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fatalist. You realized after a while, that you were probably\ngoing to get hurt. You've probably heard of a million-dollar wound. If a guy got\na million-dollar wound; he was congratulated really. Another thing that occurred\nto me, not being a particularly observant or religous Jew, was the genius of\nsomebody inventing the Sabbath, because every day in the front line is just like\nevery . . . It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not . . . Philosophically, it's just . . . The days and the\nnights, you're still in the same kind of tension, and the same kind of exposure,\nand there's no relief from it. Some of these guys had been there eight or nine\nmonths with virtually no relief, maybe an occasional break in the action, or a\nweekend pass, or something. You realize the tedium of life without a break in\nit. I've always thought more important after that the holidays, the Sabbath was,\nand weddings, and bar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mitzvahs, and everything else. We were attacking two and\nthree times a day. Very light resistance, but light resistance means some\nresistance. They shot at you. The statistic, the probability that, if one person\ngets hurt every time or every other time, you have the attrition. That's how,\nmoving forward, by the time I got hurt, my platoon of thirty-six people that I\ninherited ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plus seven replacements, was back down to twenty-two people. We were .\n. .\n\nBERMAN: Can I ask you something? The first time you lost a man, can you recount\nwhat that felt like?\n\nYUDELSON: I had very little feeling. I've thought about that a number of times.\nIt wasn't like in the movies where they train together for years and years, and\nthey bonded, and knew each other. I didn't know anybody's name or anything about\nthem hardly at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all. It was very impersonal and it seemed so inevitable, that it\nseems to me, I didn't have hardly any emotional reaction. It was just part of\nthe job. I was pleasantly surprised to find and I had been concerned at how\naccepting they were of my authority. I was twenty-one years old. These men were\nsomewhat older. Some of them were youngsters. The education ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"level was pretty\nlow. That was the infantry. They looked to my leadership. I had one sergeant I\nthink that resented me a little. He wanted to be in charge of the platoon. But I\nwas not involved very much in the emotion of it. It's bothered me a little\nsince. I did have about four or five killed practically the day after they got\nthere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember one guy. He was slated to go home in a day or two. He got hit\nin the foot and was evacuated immediately. He went back to England. I guess he\nwent home as quick as they could get him there. That answers your question, I\nthink. Getting more specific to some of the combat, I was usually in reserve at\nthis point, so we moved into the little town at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night and we were supposed to\ncontinue the attack the next morning. We had a tank or two. A tank was supposed\nto support us, but they couldn't go ahead of us at night. They were too\nvulnerable. We go into this town and my platoon is based temporarily--we're just\nsitting there--behind this big old house. We hear tanks coming up. One of the\nfellas in my platoon says, \"Lieutenant, there's some tanks coming up. I don't\nthink they're ours. I think they're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German.\" I go out there. A tank and a half\ntrack, a personal carrier, and another tank are parked right in front of this\nhouse where we are. You could recognize them. They had a muzzle guard, the shape\nwas different. I'm looking at this tank about ten feet away. The company\ncommander knew we'd taken this town. The Germans didn't know we were in it. He\nhollers. He wants me to continue the attack. [He yells,] \"Yudelson, son of a\nJew!\" He hollers it in the middle of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. I told him, \"I'm busy.\" This was\none time I made a good decision. I put a bazooka on one side of the house and\ntold him, \"When you hear us fire, you fire,\" and I put a bazooka on the other\nside. I told him to shoot. We were within twenty feet of the tanks. They both\nfired. We hit the tanks, of course. I got a little too close to the back of the\nbazooka and the flash . . . I couldn't see . . . like looking at the sun. Then\nsome of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans jumped out and they went inside the house. We threw grenades\nin there and they came out with their hands up. We continued the attack. Then, I\ndon't know. That went on. Another time, they moved into a small town. The\nGermans were as tired as we were. To get two hours of sleep at a time was a\ntreat at that time. The concern, the strategic [planning] that we weren't\ninvolved in . . they were concerned that the Germans was escape into the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bavarian Alps and fight what we call an insurgency for a couple of generations.\nWe were trying to prevent that because we were south of where most of the heavy\nfighting was. [General George S.] Patton had already landed now in southern\nFrance. We were trying to cut them off. That's why we were attacking two or\nthree times a day, in spite of the fact it was obvious the war was going to be\nover. We took a bunch of prisoners. We had one attack one day across an open\nfield just according to plan. It was at daybreak. It was misty and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was just\ngetting light. Intelligence had told us they didn't think there was much there.\nThere was somebody there, but they didn't think it was much. We move across this\nfield, maybe fifty or sixty of us [in] what they call 'march and fire.' You\ncould shoot form the hip. Somebody shot at us so we were doing a lot of shooting\nback at them. Within about a hundred feet of them, they started waiving little\nwhite handkerchiefs or whatever. They were surrendering. We took a bunch of\nprisoners, about a dozen old men. They must have been . . . They looked like\nthey were in their eighties to me at that time. They were probably in their\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifties or sixties. I asked Klein, \"Ask them why they shot at us.\" He asked\nthem. They said, \"SS made us shoot at you.\" [Klein] asked them, \"Where's the\nSS?\" They said, \"They left yesterday.\" I have then, and before then, and since\nthen, such contempt for the Germans' blessings to authority, from the father, to\nthe teacher, to the policemen, to the . . . These guys were told . . . And they\nwere educated before [Adolf] Hitler ever came to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"power. I mean, they were grown\nmen by then. Here they told them to perform virtually a suicide mission and to\nkill us for no reason at all. This was all in early April [1945]. That was the\nGerman mentality. The corollary of that, to move forward, after the war, I never\nheard of any incidence of rebellion, or insurgency, or any opposition to our\nauthority. Once they surrendered, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surrendered totally. We had another\nincidence. We took this little town. Generally, when we took a small town, we\ntold them to get out, go back, let the MPs worry about them. We didn't want them\naround. We took this town. We knew we were going to move through. We're in there\nand the woman of the house--middle aged I'd guess--and there are about five of\nus sitting in her living room. She had counted us and the next thing we know,\nshe had set the table and she had prepared a meal for us. One thing we did not\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see in Germany was any hunger in the rural areas. Every cellar was full of\npreserves, and canned foods, and ducks, and geese, and chickens, and the cattle,\nand so forth. If there was any hunger, it was probably a transportation problem\nthat we didn't know or we didn't have to face.\n\nBERMAN: Talk about when you were wounded.\n\nYUDELSON: Before that, we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moved very fast. One day after Remagen, we woke up\nand found we were forty or fifty miles behind the line. They had moved enough\narmor and trucks across so that they moved through us. Then, we got on trucks\nand we started north through Paderborn. We encircled 400,000 Germans. We\nsurrounded them. We were on top of a hill. They showed this big black . . . in\nthe New York Times or something, where the Americans had encircled the Germans.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That arrow is as wide as wide as I am. We were facing 400,000 Germans to the\nwest and the German nation to the east, but they didn't have any fight left. The\nguys were so tired. I remember one night; I went out and the whole damn platoon\nis asleep. I had to wake them up. If the Germans had come, they could have\npicked up our rifles I think. Then we moved south. We were going to . . . We\nwent to Harzburg, Germany. Another incident before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, we were told we were\ngoing to get a platoon of black soldiers. There were virtually no black combat\ntroops in the army. They had a division in Italy years before. They waived a lot\nof requirements like the education level and a lot of the officers who were\nassigned there were about to go to prison, like in The Dirty Dozen. The unit\ndidn't perform well at all. It disappeared. It was not qualified really for\ncombat. That's my reaction to it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, we lost a lot of people. They decided\nthey were going to 'retred,' as we called it. They'd already retred white boys\nfrom service units they didn't need any longer, from England and so forth.\nThey'd give them eight weeks of supposedly intensive infantry training. That\nwasn't near enough. They told us we were going to get a platoon of black\nsoldiers. They oriented us. The army was always racist as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hell anyhow. They came\nup. They joined the company as a separate platoon. That's forty-two people,\nthree squads, and a white officer that they lost right way. They had terrible\ncausalities, partly it was bad luck, partly it was they were too aggressive and\nundertrained. In one village one day, my platoon was along I'd say the right\nside of the road. They'd curved around to the left. There was a German tank in\nthe middle of the street. He could see them on the other side. They were on the\noutside of the curve and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were on the inside of the curve. Every time\nthey moved from one side to another, he had a shot at them like ducks in a\ngallery. They had I think four killed that day, for example. Moving on, there\nwas an incident that I wrote about in that article you probably read in the\nnewspaper. We'd taken this position and we came under pretty heavy mortar fire.\nA German soldier near me, he got hit with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very small shrapnel in the temple.\nHe was pumping blood, a very small stream of blood like a hypodermic needle. I\ncrawled to him, put a bandage on it and hollered for a medic. Medic came,\ncrawled out of a trench, and we got him on a stretcher. We crawled sixty of\nseventy yards and he took him away. I don't know whether the guy lived or died.\nI never heard about him before. Then, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided . . . They were going to\ndissolve the black platoon and integrate it with us and asked, \"Volunteers, do\nyou care?\" Nobody cared. The day I got hurt, it seemed to me that we had a black\nplatoon. A bunch of them came up and they were bunched up. We were in the last\nhouse in Harzburg, Germany and going into the foothills in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mountains. The\narea out there was supposed to have been cleared by another company that was\nrunning behind the attack. I went out to help organize these guys. Somebody with\na bird gun--probably a high school kid that Hitler had given a bird gun to; a\nbird gun's a submachine gun--I got hit in the leg, strictly a million-dollar\nwound. Another guy got hit in the head. I think we lost him. I put a tourniquet\non it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, it was pretty bloody because it hit the main vein but it didn't hurt\nmuch. Then the medic came up and he tightened the tourniquet. He dragged me in a\nhouse, put me on a stretcher, put me on a jeep, and in virtually a few minutes,\nI was at the battalion aid station. There, they bandaged it again. I remember\nthe medic says, \"You want any morphine?\" I said, \"No, it doesn't hurt.\" I didn't\nwant to be an addict or what'd they call it? Remember Gene Krupa? A drug ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fiend.\nI didn't want to become a drug fiend. In the damn ambulance that night, sixty or\nseventy miles on that French road, it really hurt. I wished I had accepted that\nmorphine. When I got to the hospital, the first thing they did was give me\nmorphine. Morphine's great. If you've never tried it, I highly recommend it. I\nhaven't used it again since, but it's great.\n\nBERMAN: I just wanted to ask you . . .\n\nBERMAN: . . . to the combat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were you afraid to command other men? How did you\nfeel about having that responsibility?\n\nYUDELSON: I think I took it for granted. I didn't have a problem with that.\nAfter the first day or two, I didn't because they seemed so willing to accept\nauthority, like they were looking for leadership, really. There was one\nincident. The guys were sitting around talking. It was nice and quiet. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hear\none of them commenting about all the Jews in his town always found cushy jobs.\nIt's kids from the Midwest. It bothered [me]. I turned around. I says, \"Son of a\nbitch, you don't even know a Jew when you see one.\" Klein takes me by the arm, a\nJewish boy from Brooklyn. He says, \"Come on, Lieutenant. He didn't mean anything\nby it.\" That ended that incident. One other was this guy who had been in England\nfor a couple of years, had a girlfriend. We couldn't find him where he was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supposed to be a couple of times. I confronted him and he says, \"I can't take\nthis. I got to be court martial.\" I said, \"The only court martial you're going\nto get is I'm beat you in the head with a rifle if I ever catch you out of\nline.\" That was the end of that incident. So far as those problems are\nconcerned, they were really minor. So far as I was concerned, I didn't have any\nproblems. I thought back many times of all the things as an officer in charge of\na unit that I could have done, I might have done, or didn't do that would have\nmade me better. But I didn't know any . . . how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"green was I. I'd had pretty good\ninfantry training, but the training is being in combat.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, I am sure it must have been . . . You mentioned the platoon of\nAfrican-American soldiers, black soldiers. It was accepted? I am surprised that\nthere was not more animosity towards it.\n\nYUDELSON: Not in the foxholes. They were that many more bodies to help you cover\nthat much more territory, so far as I know, but I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking about two or three\nweeks. I'm not talking about where we got to the towns and all that, where there\nwas some social activity. But so far as I could see, they were more than welcome\nby everybody.\n\nBERMAN: It was interesting to me again in one of your letters you wrote to\neither your sister or your parents, that it was amazing to you that you could\nhave . . . that here in the war, you were fighting with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black men and yet, these\nsame men would not be accepted. I think it was in one of the letters or maybe\nyou mentioned that to me, that it was really unsettling to you that . . .\n\nYUDELSON: Some post-war experiences. But I'll say this about the black soldiers\nthat we had . . . First, they were volunteers. The education level . . . I\ncensored their mail. It was my job along with my other people, was I would say\nconsiderably above the average of most of the white boys in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unit. Maybe that\nwas a factor. Maybe the fact that, they were in combat and they were treated\nlike everybody was a factor also. I don't know. If you want to move forward\nafter I got out of the hospital . . .\n\nBERMAN: One more question before we get into out of the hospital.\n\nYUDELSON: Go ahead.\n\nBERMAN: In another one of your letters, you talked about looting. You were\ntrying to decide for yourself what constituted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looting. Have you thought about\nthat in later years?\n\nYUDELSON: I've seen some articles about it and so forth. But in the infantry,\nit's not the major problem it is when you've got wheels. You didn't even carry a\nfork. You can pick it up with your fingers. You didn't carry anything you didn't\nhave to carry. Normally, in the infantry, if you go on an attack, you're\ncarrying five cartridges in your belt, and ten more in bandoliers, and two hand\ngrenades, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more, so when you . . . Even with a light pack, you're carrying\nmaybe 50, 60 pounds. You expect to run, and hide, and move. Everybody looted.\nYou went into a house and you found a jug or something you wanted. You didn't\neven think it. Half the time, when you were in the house, it was wrecked anyhow.\nYou didn't think about it belonging to anybody. Plus, the fact that we were in\nGermany, I think that was a factor. If we had been in France or Belgium, maybe\nit was different. I don't know. But looting was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an accepted practice.\n\nBERMAN: By this point in time, before your wound, had you heard of stories about\nconcentration camps from anybody? Did you know what was going on?\n\nYUDELSON: No. The day after I got hurt, the unit liberated one of the\nconcentration camps. We saw innumerable slaves, displaced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"persons who had been\nused as slaves. Once, we went into one of their barracks or something, and\neverybody went in and went to sleep, and all got lousy because they were all . .\n. Then, we all had to get sprayed with DDT to get rid of them. We saw these\npeople and I didn't really appreciate who they were or what they were. They had\npacked up anything they would get their hands on and they were getting away.\nThey would scrounge and look for food. The army, the United Nations, wasn't\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized at all at that time. They were probably a threat to the German\ncommunities where they were, but so far as the Holocaust is concerned, I really\ndidn't think about that in combat. One time, we captured some prisoners and two\nof them were SS men in their pretty black uniforms. We always made them throw\naway their helmet and put their hands on their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head. These guys were sneering at\nus and they wouldn't do that. I thought of killing them. I've often wondered\nwhether I should have or not. Young men. Anyway, we didn't. There was quite a\nbit of that, that they captured prisoners and they would pretend they would\nescape or something. I had a sergeant who was notorious for that. I wouldn't let\nhim take the prisoners back. But the Holocaust at that point was not that much\nof a factor. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when I got to the hospital, if we are ready for that, we had\nsort of fun. I was in a ward where everybody was lightly wounded. I was on\ncrutches. My foot was in a cast, but all the other guys, none of them were\nreally totally bedridden at that point. I remember V-E Day, May 8 [1945]. The\nFrench guards outside started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firing in the air like the Arabs do, celebrating.\nWe all went under the bed. We all hit the floor . . . we . . . reaction. I told\nyou . . . You are familiar with the incident. I said I was reading the Stars and\nStripes newspaper. They used a picture, the double spread, of one of the\nconcentration . . . the horror story. This nurse who was in charge of the ward,\nlooked like Doris Day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was a lieutenant. She'd give us pills and backrubs\nand whatever. She was sitting on the side of my bed and she said, \"Do you really\nbelieve that?\" At that point, we knew by then. The Russians had already\nliberated some of the eastern concentration camps earlier and it really upset me\nwhen she said that. But it was hard to believe. I stayed in the hospital; I say\nfacetiously. When the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war ended, I quit limping and they threw me out of the\nhospital, closed the hospital up, and they sent me to Czechoslovakia, where I\ngot lucky. They had filled up with replacements. Shall I go on with the post-war stories?\n\nBERMAN: Yes.\n\nYUDELSON: All right. They filled up with replacements. I went to a different\ncompany. Non-fraternization . . . Czechoslovakia was in the Sudetenland, which\nwas all German. He says, \"Are you the one to staff--\" [I said] \"Yes, sir.\" He\nsays, \"Okay, be at division in the morning six o'clock.\" They flew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me to Reims,\nFrance with all my luggage left behind because they were overloaded. That's\nanother story. I report to the Little Red Schoolhouse. That was Eisenhower's\nheadquarters. The Little Red Schoolhouse in Reims was probably the largest\nbuilding in France. It was a vocational school built around a square. I report\nto this captain. He looks at my record. He says, \"Lieutenant, we are building\nnew camps. All the jobs are open. What do you want to do?\" [I told him,]\n\"Special service officer.\" I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"figured I'd hand out the baseballs and meet the\nmovie stars. He turned me over to this bird colonel, a full colonel. He says,\n\"Lieutenant, I see you had a year and half at the Wharton School.\" [I said,]\n\"Yes, sir.\" He says, \"Fine. We need army exchange officers,\" like I was\nqualified. I knew nothing about running an army exchange place, but he sent me\nto this camp. I remember getting to the camp. It was an airfield; it was now\nused as this camp. A tent was post headquarters and there was a stick in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ground where somebody had scribbled on a piece of typewriting paper \"Camp\nHeadquarters.\" I report to Colonel McLaughlin, a very fine officer. He says,\n\"Lieutenant . . . I suppose you know your job.\" [I said,] \"Yes, sir.\" I knew\nnothing. He says, \"These people haven't had any PX supplies for five or six\nweeks, so take care of it.\" [I said,] \"Yes, sir.\" I go out. I start asking\nquestions. At that point, we got 7,000 people in the camp. It's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rifle\nbattalion or something. They're running the camp and the engineers. They are\ngoing to build me six PXs [post exchanges], three dry, three wet, they called\nthem, three stores and three soda fountains. I see the engineers. [I asked,]\n\"Where are my PXs?\" He says, \"Lieutenant we don't even have latrines yet. We've\ngot 10,000 men coming in here next Monday. You're on your own.\" I checked with\nhim. I thought I'd go get a truckload of supplies. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had ration cards, so I\narranged to get the minimum, a carton of cigarettes for everybody and maybe some\nsoap, or razorblades, or something. I figured it'd be one truckload. I checked\nwith the army exchange and I'm going to have six semi trailers, that's 10-ton\ntrailers, coming, or something like that. They assigned me five good sergeants,\nall of whom had had some kind of retail, probably supermarket, experience.\nHere's where I think I did a pretty good job. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a German engineer dump\nclose by with a lot of lumber and stuff in it. I told the sergeant we had some\ntransportation. a jeep with a trailer. I said, \"Son, you go call every unit\nhere, and tell them you want all the tools they can spare, and they're not going\nto get them back.\" He comes back with hammers, and saws, and all this looting\nthat they had done. There was a POW [prisoner of war] post there, encampment.\nThey had about 100 or 200 German prisoners and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they weren't supposed to work but\nthey volun . . . I told them . . . we built counters, and shelves, and we had\ntents, and in three days, we opened up the PXs and supplied them with stuff. One\nthing I'll tell you, the army said, \"No credit.\" I got no place to put money.\nThe damn whatever he was, adjutant general or something. I told the sergeant to\ncontact every unit on the post. Tell them I want a certified strength of how\nmany people they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got and all of their ration cards and to come pick up all this\nstuff. They did. I said, \"We'll get the money later.\" I got it, of course. A\npack of cigarettes was a nickel, five cents. I don't know how much in francs,\ntwo francs or whatever it was. Nobody was going to turn down anything they could\nget. Then the . . . when I got the money. . . . somebody at, I don't know what\nthey called the guy in charge of money on the post, the guy, the paymaster,\nwhoever he is, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then I had a place to give him the money. We built the PX and\nwe ran the PX. Interesting, the camps were all [named] Washington, Philadelphia,\nAtlanta. They named them that. I was at Camp Washington. They sent a crew of\nartists and the artist was . . . Who's the hillbilly in the funny papers? The\none that lost his leg . . .\n\nBERMAN: Li'l Abner?\n\nYUDELSON: Li'l Abner. His brother was the . . . What was his name that wrote ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nBERMAN: [Al] Capp.\n\nYUDELSON: Al Capp's brother. They had given him a commission as a lieutenant. He\nhad this bunch of artists, and they came by, and they built great big posters to\ndecorate the camps. We tried to make life as pleasant as possible. We were about\n20 miles from Rheims, France and that's where we picked up our supplies. I ran\nthat damn thing for six months. Once time . . . then when the camp filled up and\nwe never had enough transportation, I had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barn for a warehouse and PXs, this\nfriend of mine who ran the motor pool he says, \"Yudelson, want a truck?\" I said,\n\"Hell, yeah.\" He says, \"All right. I got a stolen truck the MPs gave me. Don't\ntake it off the post. It's stolen.\" I had my own transportation. That made life\na little easier. Anyway, we went on. One day, this Colonel Cruzwell [sp), worst\nofficer I ever met in the army, I think he was major in the First World War and\na lieutenant colonel in the Second. I don't know if he deserved that one\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"promotion. Anyway, he gets an order, \"Effective at once, Lieutenant (somebody\nwho is in charge of the POW camp) is now commanding officer and you are relieved\nof your command. You will close the camp as quickly as possible.\" Here I am,\nI've got all this stuff in the PX I've got to turn it in. We start boxing it all\nup, and we're taking inventory, and everything. We turn it all in and I got this\ndamn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"truck. What do you do with the truck? I said, \"Sergeant, get a Jeep.\" He\ngot in the truck. I got into the Jeep. We go to Rheims and we went to one of\nthose MP motor pools, because when you parked the truck on the street, when you\ncame back, the tires would be gone, the motor would be gutted. We left that\ntruck at an MP motor pool and so far as I know, it's still there. I never had a\nrecord that I owned it. I can see them asking me to pay for this damn truck 20\nyears down the road. Then, I get another break. I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rheims and I billet\nthere for a couple days. I go back to the Little Red Schoolhouse and Captain\nBurke, a Jewish fellow, is in personnel. He's keeping all his Jewish boys in\nFrance and didn't send us back to Germany. He assigns me to quartermaster, which\nwas tough, in Paris. Now I'm living in a hotel in Paris, about two blocks from\nthe Majestic Hotel, which faces the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile. I don't know\nnothing about quartermaster, but I don't have enough points to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. I get\nthere and I got another break. My height turned about to be an . . . The colonel\nwas about my height. I was the only guy in the place not taller than him, so he\nsort of liked me. He gave me a job keeping charts. Everything we were\nresponsible [for] everything outside of Europe in the quartermaster: North\nAfrica, Italy, England, everything. That was our responsibility. I got a desk\nthere. The numbers would come in, which were probably ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaningless because the\ntrucks and trains would come to the port and some PFC would make an estimate\nthis is 100 tons of something. Anyway, I'm keeping the charts. I remember one\ntime, I asked for leave to Switzerland or something. He said, \"Lieutenant,\nyou're essential.\" He tears up the damn request. I did get to Switzerland later\non. Yes, this story I'm having trouble believing, but I think it's true. I'm\nsitting at my desk one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. I think it was a Saturday, when I shouldn't have\nbeen there. This sergeant and I had nothing else to do so we went to the office.\nThe colonel comes in, he's got a telex--it's a telegram like thing. It came\nthrough channels from General Eisenhower, through channels. Lucius Clay was in\ncharge of this, everything outside of Europe. [It asked,] \"What is the value of\nall the property in your command?\" Simple question; simple answer. Senator Mead,\nwho was in charge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Army Surplus Property committee in the Senate, went to\nEurope to see what to do with all this junk. He asked Eisenhower a simple\nquestion, \"What's the value of it?\" Before that, I got to tell you, the colonel\n. . . Because I wasn't busy, he sent me to Marseilles [France] one day. We were\ntrying to get the guys to go home. All these colonels were sitting in chateaus\nwith hot and cold running [water and] chamber maids. They didn't want to go\nhome. The order comes down that you can't keep ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything other than what the\nTable of Equipment they call it, allows you to keep. If you have anything other\nthan that, you got to get permission from Frankfurt [Germany] to keep it. He\ntells me I got to make the decision. I'm sitting there. A letter comes through.\nSome outfit needs an extra submachine gun because they've got a security\nproblem. I'm thinking it's got three endorsements already and it's going to have\nfour more before it gets . . . and when it gets back, everybody's going to be\ngone home. I filed it. I had a bottom drawer, empty drawer, and I started\nputting this stuff in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. They wanted to keep a jeep because it's a fire\nhazard down there, they got to fight fire . . . What the . . . I thought it was\nso ridiculous. As far as I know, those papers are still in that drawer. I don't\nknow. Eisenhower never saw them. One day, I got off the train at Marseilles and\nan MP [Military Police] met me. It was at night. He says, \"Lieutenant, I'm going\nto escort you to go to the hotel and don't go out because this is a city . . .\nThey'll even take your underwear if they catch you on the street at night by\nyourself.\" Another incident I thought was just as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting. He sent me as a\nliaison. They were trying to decide what to do with all this stuff . . . No, I\ngot to get back to the story about what's the value of all this stuff. The\ncolonel walks out and the sergeant and I look at each other. We've got all these\ntonnages, maybe 40 depots and the tonnages are in various classes. Like, Class\none is food and so forth. Class two and four is equipage and fuel and so forth.\nWe're supposed to put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"values on them and give it to him. We started making up\nnumbers. We used the tonnages and we knew food . . . it cost 55 cents a day to\nfeed a man, so that was easy. The others, we didn't know whether it was coal, or\nwood, or what. I said, \"It seems to me that coal used to be eight dollars a ton\nor something. We'll use that number.\" The same thing with fuel. We didn't know\nwhat it was. Equipage, cotton was eight cents a pound, so that's half of the\nvalue of all of it. Anyway, he comes back and we've got a number: four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"billion,\nor six billion, 400 million, or something like that on about four pages of . . .\ntypewritten with numbers on them. I handed it in. [He asks,] \"Is it correct?\" [I\nsaid,] \"Yes, sir.\" He hands it to whoever, a chief of staff, who gives to\nGeneral Clay, who gave it to General Eisenhower, who gives it to Senator Mead,\nand in the [Paris based New York] Herald Tribune on Monday morning is my number.\nFrom one lieutenant in the infantry, and there's one from ordnance, and one from\nSignal Corp, and one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from artillery. They all got them the same way. That's what\nCongress bases your laws on. Later on, they had a meeting. What are they going\nto do with all this stuff? There was an ordnance depot. An ordnance depot\nconsisted of about room-sized stacks of various kinds of ammunition on the main\nroad between Paris and Brussels [Belgium]. It was a two-lane road and the French\nwant to get rid of this stuff. What we do we do with it? I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"listening. Some guy\nhas a bright idea: we are going to get some German POWs to volunteer and we'll\ntake this stuff apart. They can use the wooden boxes for fuel. We need to\nsalvage the metal. The nitrate, they'll take it and make fertilizer. They take a\ncouple of these people, who blow themselves up, and that ain't a good idea. It's\ngoing to take 10,000 years anyhow. The next idea is we're going to move it all\nto Germany, because we're going to be in Germany 100 years and they'll use it up\nin Germany. They come back a week ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later and they said if the French gave use\ntheir entire transportation system, all their barges and let us use the roads,\nand all their trains, it's going to take two years to move this stuff into\nGermany. I mean, it was massive. One pile is rifle ammunition, the next was\nhowitzer ammunition, hand grenades. Somebody came up with a better idea and I\nthink it worked. He says, \"We got all these thousands of trucks and we've got\nall these landing craft. You can drive these trucks onto the landing craft. You\nload the trucks up with all this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"junk and you put it on the landing craft and\nyou take it out to the North Sea, where's it's pretty deep, and you open them\nup, and then you come home with a rowboat or something.\" I think that's how we\ngot rid of a lot of this stuff.\n\nBERMAN: Wow.\n\nYUDELSON: But a corollary, when I got back in the Korean thing and some guy\nbrings in a rifle that had broken, and the colonel analyzed, says \"The problem\nis not the rifle. It's the old ammunition dries out and burns too fast.\" It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has\na shelf life and you can't use it. You think bullets last forever, and maybe\nthey do, I don't know, but that was his analysis.\n\nBERMAN: I have a few questions before we go on.\n\nYUDELSON: Go ahead.\n\nBERMAN: How did you . . . It looked, through the correspondence, that your\nfamily found out that you were wounded from you before they found out from the army.\n\nYUDELSON: I wrote right away and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apparently the letter was delivered right away,\nbefore the army bureaucracy a day or two later could get the telegram to the\nfolks. Then they insulted me by saying I was slightly wounded. I thought I was\nseverely wounded.\n\nBERMAN: Your parents must have had a very difficult time . . .\n\nYUDELSON: I'm sure.\n\nBERMAN: . . . .when they heard that. Were you concerned in your letters about\nhow much you were going to be telling them about what happened and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what you were doing?\n\nYUDELSON: I tried to disclose it in some detail, if you remember the letters. Of\ncourse, for momma and daddy that's probably not too reassuring, but by then, of\ncourse, at least I was out of combat, which was some relief. That's the best I\nthink I can answer about their reaction. I can imagine it and you can, too.\n\nBERMAN: Right. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you have got a letter from, I think, it was your father\nabout trying to find some of your relatives in Lithuania. How did that come about?\n\nYUDELSON: He wrote me, and gave me their name, and their address, where they were.\n\nBERMAN: He knew who survived at this point?\n\nYUDELSON: That's right. They were the first we knew about that survived. In\nfact, so far as we know, Rella's [husband's] uncle--I guess a brother of her\nmother--got to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel some way, probably the way they did, working with the\npartisans, I'm guessing. This was the first we knew of any survivors of the\nextended family from Lithuania, so far as I know. Somehow they contacted\nsomebody--I think in California there were some relatives there--who probably\nhad maintained contact just like my grandmother did, just like Bert Lewyn's\nfamily did. Dad had their name, and their identity, and where they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were. When I\ngot it, I applied for a leave and I got it. I got a train and I went to Munich\n[Germany] and went to the headquarters of the UNRRA [United Nations Relief and\nRehabilitation Administration] organization. Some guy who worked there loaned me\na jeep. I got some lady, I don't remember, to interpret. I knew I couldn't talk\nto them. We found them right away because I had the addresses and she knew the\ntown very well.\n\nBERMAN: Where were they?\n\nYUDELSON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany. Her brother . . . [Charlie Solski] He was . . . We\nwent up to his room. I remember he was wearing . . . German army boots that they\nhad given him. No socks. This time, I was the army exchange officer. I took as\nmuch as I could carry: soap, and candy, and food, and everything. Never occurred\nto me to take socks. He had no socks and he wrapped his feet in German\nbandannas, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big handkerchiefs. Then we went and he had apparently alerted . . . I\ndon't know how, we found Rella. She told me a couple of days ago, this was the\nfirst time she'd been dressed in months, because she was in the hospital with\ntuberculosis. Her mother [Dinah Olkinitski Saul] worked in the kitchen. With the\ninterpreter, we met each other. We spent some time together, an hour, two hours.\nI don't remember how long. I remember when I gave that guy his jeep back he was\nmad as hell because I'd used up all his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gasoline. That was my only occasion in\nmeeting them.\n\nBERMAN: Did they talk about what they had endured?\n\nYUDELSON: I think not at all. If I remember correctly, it was not. I didn't\nlearn until a few years ago the story about Rella--that you probably have\ndocumented--about how they went back to Lithuania, and bought Polish passports,\nand bought Czech passports, and sneaked across the [border]. That was the only\nplace in Europe that American and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian soldiers had a border. North of that\nwas the French district and then the British. They were savvy enough and\nknowledgeable enough to get into the American zone illegally. Once they got\nthere, UNRRA stepped in, and identified them, and classified them, and took care\nof them very well after that.\n\nBERMAN: How did they come to Atlanta?\n\nYUDELSON: That's a long interesting question. Dad tried to bring them here. They\ncouldn't get to Israel. I don't know if they would have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"preferred that or not,\nbecause I talked to a number of refugees who did, who said, \"If it can happen in\nGermany, it could happen here.\" Anyway, he couldn't get them visas because of\nher tuberculosis and they weren't going to come separately. I asked Rella, \"How\ndid you finally . . .\" She said, \"The last time they looked at my medical\nrecords, it was somebody else's x-rays.\" They were savvy enough, real survivors,\nbeautiful people. Then, Dad had a pile two inches high of correspondence with\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the State Department, and the Congressmen, and the Senators, and everybody, and\nhe didn't get anywhere until they had those x-rays changed. Then, by vouching\nfor them, he was able to get them here as refugees, or immigrants, or whatever.\n\nBERMAN: Has your family maintained a relationship with them all these years then?\n\nYUDELSON: Yes, we have. I was at her 80th birthday party the other night.\n\nBERMAN: It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must have been so remarkable for her to meet an American cousin, an\nAmerican soldier, after all that she had endured.\n\nYUDELSON: It must have been. Much more so that emotionally than for me. I'll\ntell you about my machatunim. You know Bill Rosenberg? You know Fred Rosenberg.\n\nBERMAN: Yes.\n\nYUDELSON: His father, I think he was a sergeant. He was about 6 foot 3 or 4\n[inches]. He was one of the first ones to get into one of the camps. He was\ntelling these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emaciated, tortured Jewish fellas . . . He says, \"Juden. Juden.\"\n[Yiddish: Jew] He spoke good Yiddish. He says one of the soldiers looked up at\nhim and says, \"Super Jew. Super Jew.\" That's not my story. That's his. Go ahead.\n\nBERMAN: How did you and your fellow Jewish soldiers react to the Germans once\nyou knew what they had done? Did any of you try to exact any kind of revenge?\nHow did you all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"handle that?\n\nYUDELSON: Yes. I wasn't in Germany after the war, except that one leave I got to\nmeet them. Incidentally, we were on a train. The train stopped in some town. I\nwas with these other guys. No, I think that was when I got out of the hospital\nand we weren't armed. The war was over. We heard some rifle fire someplace. That\nwas traumatic. We found some kids were down there--American soldiers--doing a\nlittle rifle practice in a cellar. We didn't know that at the time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't say\nthat I had any contact with the Germans in the army after the war. But I'll tell\nyou this, I can't go back to Germany. I will not. I was . . . Every time I hear\nGerman spoken; it gives me the heebie jeebies [anxiety]. I think it's personal.\nWe were in Florence, Italy in a restaurant where everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sits next to\neverybody. A young German . . . This was about 20 years ago, right after\nTiananmen thing in China. This young German must have been 23, 24 years old [and\nwith] his girlfriend. We got to talking, it was very pleasant. He says, \"You\nknow, I'll never have to go into military service because we don't have\ncompulsory service in Germany.\" He says, \"But like those Chinese, if they told\nme to shoot at my people, I don't think I could do it.\" Here, I'm sitting\nthinking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. Later on in the conversation, he says, \"Germany is such a\nbeautiful country. Have you ever been there?\" I said, \"No.\" I didn't see any\nreason to throw a pall on it at that point and say, \"You bastards shot me when I\nwas there,\" so I just said, \"No.\" My reaction to the Germans is lifelong. I got\nto thinking at that point, have they really changed? I think probably they have,\nbecause we were in France a couple of years ago and the young people there don't\nseem to have the kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of intense hatred, and animosity, and memory that both\nsides had after the First World War and the Second World War. They're Europeans.\nThey get together. They're not as nationalistic as our generation was.\n\nBERMAN: I think the European Union and a singular currency, the euro, has done a\nlot to change that.\n\nYUDELSON: Yes. I think they, too, have said, \"Never again.\" It was such a\nslaughter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on both sides in both those wars. It was just unbelievable. I would\nsay, my reaction should go away, but it won't.\n\nBERMAN: How did you eventually get home?\n\nYUDELSON: Eventually is right. They had a point system and officers needed a lot\nmore points than the enlisted men. I just stayed there until my turn came up.\nFinally, I was in Paris. I wasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really . . . Not that I wanted to stay, don't\nmisunderstand me. But six months in Paris, it was terrible. I couldn't talk to\nthe girls. I couldn't learn French. But it wasn't the worst thing that ever\nhappened to me. Then the orders came. One time when I was in the camp, in the\nPX, I got a notice my folks were going to telephone me. They did. I waited\naround all day and all night. They finally got through. We talked to each other\nover a pretty bad connection. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was anxious to come home. I came home on a troop\nship, one of those boats that rock all the way. I remember getting off the train\nat Brookwood Station and the folks were all there. I was home. Once you're out,\nyou're out. The folks gave a hell of a party. We all got drunk on [my parents'\nhome on] Ponce De Leon [Avenue]. There were so many guys still in uniform when\nthey came to that party.\n\nBERMAN: Did you resume your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies at [the Wharton School of the University of\nPennsylvania] then?\n\nYUDELSON: I sort of loafed around pretending to work in dad's business for about\nsix months. I decided to go back to school. I went back in September of 1947.\nGot out [of the army] in the summer of 1946 or something, I guess so.\n\nBERMAN: Was it hard adjusting to civilian life?\n\nYUDELSON: No, not for me. It wasn't at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all. We had the G.I. bill. Of course, Dad\ncould have sent me to school anyhow. I was in touch with a couple of guys and\nthey went back a semester before I did. I started in the spring or early winter\nof 1947. I'd had enough training, college work in the army. The army gave me a\nfull year's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"credit. Like I say, it was three very intensive . . . all my liberal\nwork was behind me then, my zoology, and botany, and physics, and history, and\nliterature, and chemistry. I got all that in the army. It was basic college\nwork. [When] I went back, I needed to take my specialty courses. We got two\nrooms in a fancy hotel, a real dump, Maryland Hotel near the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"campus. Later, Penn\nbought it and turned it into a woman's dormitory. My daughter stayed there when\nshe was at Penn. We had these two rooms and we had cars. Dad bought me a car--I\nloved that damn car--after the war. Tell you about that car . . . I'll tell you\nmy post-war career up till the time I was married. You've seen the book?\n\nBERMAN: Yes. When did you meet [your wife] Jane?\n\nYUDELSON: I met ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Janey when I got back to school in September. My roommate tells\nme I had to fill two hours out on the schedule. He says, \"Take this art course.\"\nHe says, \"It's an easy course. It's interesting.\" He says, \"There are female\ngirls in it.\" I hadn't been in class with a girl for eleven years. I take the\ncourse. She sits next to me.\n\nBERMAN: What was her full name?\n\nYUDELSON: Jane Zion. It's funny. We both claim to be nearsighted. My roommate\ntold me to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. He said, \"If you sit up close, he'll think more of you and\nmake the course easier.\" She was sitting next to me and he starts talking about\n. . . First, it's an advance course in the history of modern art. I know nothing\nabout art, historical or otherwise. He started out with the French artist,\nGericault. How do you spell Gericault? I'm trying to figure if it's got an 'h'\nin it or two 'r's. I look at her paper, G-E-R-I-C-A-U-L-T. He told us, \"You've\ngot to keep a notebook because the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"final exam will be based on the notes.\" This\nis an elective course. I look it up. I'm in trouble. We got acquainted. I\noffered her a ride home. She lived about three or four miles from school. She\nwas taking a coordinated course between fine arts at [Pennsylvania State\nUniversity] and the [Pennsylvania] Academy of Fine Arts. I took her home, and we\nstarted dating, and that was that.\n\nBERMAN: Did you both know each other were Jewish right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away?\n\nYUDELSON: I think so. I think almost certainly. When I met her folks, I did.\nThey sort of adopted me, too.\n\nBERMAN: How many years have you been married now?\n\nYUDELSON: Not even 60 until next week.\n\nBERMAN: I know. At Callaway Gardens, rights?\n\nYUDELSON: Yup, I say there are two basic requirements to having 60 happy years\ntogether. First, you've got to get married early, get married young, and then\nyou've got live long enough.\n\nBERMAN: How many children do you have?\n\nYUDELSON: We've got three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughters.\n\nBERMAN: And their names?\n\nYUDELSON: Robin, Terry and Karen. They were very considerate. They each had two\nchildren, which makes estate planning easier, right? Yup, here we are.\n\nBERMAN: Here you are. As we get ready to conclude, if you look back, what do you\nthink about your service during World War II? What did you take away from it? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In\nretrospect, are you glad you were in the service?\n\nYUDELSON: Absolutely. I got . . . I was lucky all the time. Every time, I got a\nbreak from the time I went in to begin with in OCS. The guys I left when I went\nto OCS were all casualties. I got a picture in my pocket now and I correspond .\n. . They were in the Battle of the Bulge. The ones that didn't get hurt or\nkilled were few, had trench foot, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was endemic. There was almost no way to\navoid it. I got out of that. Then, I got a million-dollar wound. Then, my\nassignments after the war were mostly pleasant. One thing in the army, we did a\nlot of things we didn't know we could do in the army. We grew up much faster in\nthe army, maybe because I was lucky to get the commission, I don't know, but I\nguess that applied to all of us. We were kids.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do you think is the difference between young people today and young\npeople then? Then, everybody wanted to enlist, everybody wanted to fight. I\ndon't see that today. What do you think the difference is?\n\nYUDELSON: I'll tell you what I told one of my Boys' High classmates. We were all\ncongratulating, patting ourselves on the back on being the 'Greatest\nGeneration.' I says, \"I want to tell you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. The youngsters today, if\nthey had to do what we did, they'd do it better. They're healthier, they're\nsmarter, they're more educated, and just as patriotic. And if they were faced\nwith that kind of challenge, they would do it just as good as we did.\" It\ntickles me. I used to hear people [say], \"Oh, the younger generation is\nterrible. They're all on drugs, except my grandchildren. They're alright.\" You\nget the picture.\n\nBERMAN: You think it was not so much the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation; it was that particular war?\n\nYUDELSON: Absolutely. There was no opposition. Even the communists [the Soviet\nUnion] came around, everybody . . . We knew we were going in. The home front was\n. . . you know how involved they were with the gardens, and the collections, and\nthey even collected rubber bands, and everything. They were totally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved.\nThe sacrifices, in the material sense, were very real, although I don't think\nmany people hurt from it really. In subsequent wars . . . I don't think the\nKorean War was so divisive, although it was a horror, but Vietnam and this war\nhad no public backing at all. That what's created the illusion that to me . . .\nnot the illusion, the reality that things are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/transcript/29100/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so different today. Hopefully we\nwill never face the kind of real challenge that we did back in 1941.\n\nBERMAN: I hope not either. Would you like to add anything before we conclude?\n\nYUDELSON: I can't think of anything now, no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9510.0,9540.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiedmont Atlanta Hospital is located at 1968 Peachtree Road, Atlanta, Georgia. Piedmont was established in 1905 as the Piedmont Sanitarium in the former mansion of Charles Thomas Swift at the northwest corner of Capitol and Crumley streets in the then-affluent Washington-Rawson neighborhood. The name was changed to Piedmont Hospital and eventually the hospital took up an entire square block.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium served as the home ballpark to the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1966 to 1996. The stadium was built in Downtown Atlanta in what had previously been a residential area and the center of much of Atlanta's Jewish community from the late nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century. The neighborhood was razed in the early 1960's to make way for the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium and its parking lots.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Reisman (1867-1937) was a maternal cousin of Harold's mother, Anne Spielberger. Morris married Mamie Goldberg (1899-1981) and had to sons, Robert and Fred Reisman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiedmont Park is a 189-acre park located just north of downtown Atlanta. It was originally designed by Joseph Forsyth Johnson to host the first Piedmont Exhibition in 1887.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamual M. Inman Middle School began as an elementary school in 1924, named for Samuel Martin nman (1843-1915), an Atlanta civiv leader wha was passionate about education and philanthropy. The has been enlarged many times over the years, and in 1978, Inman was converted into a middle school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne \"Annie\" Spielberger Yudelsom (1901-1966) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. Her parents were Juila Reisman Spielberger and JAcob Spielberger, who each immigrated from Austria-Hungary to New York City during the 1880's, married, moved to Atlanta in 1892, and operated a grocery store, J. Spielberger Groceries Meats. Anne had three brothers and four sisters. In 1921, she married Solomon \"Sol\" Israel Yudelson, whose business, Edward Shoe Stores, eventually expanded to a chain. Anne and Sol were the parents of five children. Anne served as a vice president for Atlanta's Hadassah chapter, and both Anne and Sol were active supporters of ORT in Atlanta. Anne's oral history is housed at the Breman Museum's Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSolomon \"Sol\" Isaac Yudelson (1896-1987) was an Atlanta businessman who immigrated from Janova, Lithuania (then part of the Russian Empire) in 1904. He was the owner of a chain of shoe stores, Edward's Shoe Store, in Atlanta. He later became active in real estate. Solomon was active in B'nai B'rith, served as President of the Progressive Club and was a founding of the Mayfair Club.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdith Yudelson Smith (1922-2016) studied art at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri and at the University of Georgia. She married Bernard Smith and had two children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard Leon Smith (1915-196) was a native of Atlanta. He graduated from Boys' High and attended Georgia Institute of Technology's Evening School of commerce (forerunner of Georgia State University).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulian Edward Yudelson (1938-) attended Emory University and became a professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York. He married Barbara \"BJ\" Heyman Yudelson (1939-2015) with whom he had three children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShirley Yudelson Mosinger (1929-) graduated from Girls' High School and attended Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. In St. Louis, she met and married Harold Mosinger, with whom she had four children. Shirley became an active member of the National Council of Jewish Women, Hadassah, ORT, and founded the Beginning Babies with Books program.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrances Yudelson Kuniansky (1926-2018) graduated from Girls' High School before attending the University of Georgia. She married Harry P. Kuniansky, with whom she had four children. Frances was very active in the Atlanta Jewish community. She was also founder and president of the Atlanta Group Home, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarbara Jo \"BJ\" Heyman (1939-2015) was a native New Yorker who grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. She was the author of With an Outstretched Arm: A Memoir of Love and Loss, Family and Faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Kohn Heyman (1908-2001) was a native Atlantan whose oral history is housed at the Breman Museum's Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Arnold Goodman served as senior rabbi of Ahavath Achim in Atlanta, Georgia from 1982-2002. He came to Atlanta from Minnesota where he had served as rabbi of Adath Jeshrun in Minnetonka since 1966. He currently serves as its senior rabbinic scholar. Upon his retirement, the synagogue honored them by designating its adult education program as Beit Aharon: The Rabbi Arnold and Rae Goodman Learning Institute for Adult Studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Louis Spielberger (1903-1992) served as president of Edward's Shoe Stores.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJonava (also Janowa) is a small-twon northeast of Kaunas (also Kovno), the second largest city in Lithuania. It lies on the banks of the vilia River (Lithuanian: Nerys). A major fire in 1894 and another in 1905 nearly destroyed the town. The majority of the Jewish population immigrated to the United States or South Africa at the end of the 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold's paternal grandmother, Rachel Leah saul (1861-1944), was born in Jonava, Lithuania. In 1886, she married Mordechai \"Max\" Yudelson (1864-1949), who was born in Russia. They immigrated to the United States in 1904. They had four children: Gertrude, Israel, Sarah, and Solomon Isaac. They loved in Greensboro, Georgia before moving to Atlanta, Georgia, where Max operated the Atlanta Bargain House at 10 West Mitchell Street.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGriffin is a city in and the county seat of Spalding County, Georgia. Today it is part of the Atlanta Metropolitan Area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Saul Yudelson's brothers, Meyer Saul and Joseph Saul, had immigrated to the United States and established a men's clothing store called J. Saul and Brothers in Hartwell, Georgia sometime in the 1890's. Joseph also owned additional stores in other Georgia and South Carolina towns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreensboro is a town located midway between Atlanta and Augusta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear if Harold is referring to the Birmingham, Alabama neighborhood of Central City or an unincorporated community of the same name that is five miles southwest of Enterprise, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDalton is a city in northwest Georgia, United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarietta is a city located in central Cobb County, Georgia, United States, approximately 18 miles (29 kilometers) northwest of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael Yudelson (1892-1968) was born in Jonava, Lithuania and immigrated to the United States with his family in 1904. He later immigrated to Palestine and fought in Israeil's War of Independence. In 1964, he married Leah Miller and returned to Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGertrude Rivka Yudelson Levine (1894-1975) married Benjamin Levine (1890-1952). Both were from Jonava, Lithuania. They had four children: Margaret, Florence, Leon, and Manuel. In 1916, Ben opened the Toggery, a men's clothing store, at 191 Mitchell Street in Atlanta, Georgia. His sons continued to operate the store after Ben's death, until finally closing it in 1992.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1920, Sarah Yudelson Weinkle (1894-1955) married Dr. Barney Oldfield Weinkle (1894-1960), who had immigrated from Russia in 1897. They moved to Miami, Florida and raised two children, William Stanley Weinkle, a doctor, and Milton Weinkle, a dentist and mayor of Hallandale Beach, Florida from 1972-1984.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThermos LLC is a manufacturer of insulated food and beverage containers and other consumer products. The original company was founded in Germany in 1904.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob \"Jake\" Spielberger (1869-1955) was an immigrant from a part of Austria-Hungary in 1887 that is now Czechoslovakia. He was a resident of Atlanta, Georgia for 65 years, wgere he operated a grocery business and variety store. He was a founding member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and the Hungarian Benevolent Association of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a constitutional union of the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powerrs in World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter 1868, there was a universal military conscription service for all male citizens in Austria-Hungary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllis Island in New York Harbor was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States. It was the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954. Today it is a museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to Halakhah (Jewish law) is termed 'kosher' in English. In a kosher kitchen and home, meat and dairy are kept separate, so a separate set of dishes, cookwarem and serving ware are needed. Food that is not in accordance with Jewsih law is called 'treif.'\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCentral of Georgia Railway started as the Central Rail Road and Canal Company in 1833. The railroad ran from Macon, Georgia to Savannah creating a link between Chattanooga, Tennessee to seaports on the Atlantic Ocean. Over the years they steadily acquired other railroads linking Columbus, Augusta, and other cities in Georgia as well as cities in eastern Alabama. Today the Central of Georgia exists only as a paper railroad within Norfolk Southern Railway Group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Bargain House was operated by Max Yudelson. It operated at 10 West Mitchell Street.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yudelson Shoe Company (also known as M. Yudelson \u0026amp; Sons in some sources) opened in 1932. It was creared by Sol Yudelson. His sister's son-in-law, Samuel Glass, was president of the company until 1978, when it was dissolved.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Star Shoe Company, a company that incorporated in 1889 with funding from Roberts, Johnson and Rand Shoe Company and Hixson Company, manufactured star Brand shoes. The Star Brand was a six-inch high women's shoe. Star Brand shoes were manufactured at a plant in Hannibal, Missouri.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInternational Shoe Company (ISC) was a corporation organized in St. Louis, Missouri in 1911 after a consolidation of a series of shoe manufacturers. ISC grew into one of the largest shoe manufacturers in the world. ISC produced shoes for the US military in both world wars. By the 1960s, ISC owned 155 major retail shoe companies, like Florsheim and Savage Shoes, approximately 800 retail establishments and factories overseas. In 1966, the company name was changed to INTERCO and it began to diversify its interests. In 1990 the corporation consisted of four core companies in two operating groups; Broyhill and Lane in furnitutre and home furnishings, and Florsheim and Converse in footwear manufacturing and retailings. Today, INTERCO is a major manufacturer of furniture and home furnishings and a manufacturer, distributor, and retailer of men's footwear and athletic footwear.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquarted in Atlanta, Georgia, that operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until 6 March 2005 when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eW.T. Grant or Grants was a United States-based chain of mass-merchandise stores founded by William Thomas Grant that operated from 1906 to 1976. The stores were generally of the variety store format located in downtowns. The first \"W.T. Grant Co. 25 Cent Store\" opened in Lynn, Massachussetts in 1906. At the time of the demise of William Thomas Grant in 1972, the business had expanded to almost 1,200 stores.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the 1920 United States census records, the population of Atlanta was 200,616. About five percent were Jewish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRegenstein's was an upscale women's apparel store founded by Julius Regenstein in 1892 on Whitehall Street in Atlanta, Georgia. It was sold in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Anne Spielberger's oral history housed as the Breman Museum's Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, J.P. Wool was a Jewish man from St. Louis, Missouri.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Congregation (often referred to as \"AA\") was organized in 1886 by Orthodox Jews of Eastern European descent as congregation Ahawas Achim (Brotherly Love). It is Atlanta's second oldest Jewish congregation. By 1952, Ahavath Achim joined the Conservative Movement and today it is the largest Conservative congregation in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County, in the 1960's, they removed the barrier between the men and women's sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington-Rawson was a neighborhoof of Atlanta that was a center of Jewish community in the city. By the mid-1870's, Washington Street was becoming one of the city's finest residential streets. The neighborhood was wealthy at the turn of the twentieth century. Encyclopedia Britannica of 1910 listed Washington Street as one of the finest residential areas of the city. The neighborhood included the area that is now the large parking lot north of Turner Field, until 1996 the site of Atlanta-Fulton county Stadium. It also included the intersection of the two streets for which it was named. That intersection's location is now the site of the I-20 Downtown Connector interchange.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRose Spielberger Clein (1908-2001) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She married another Atlanta native, Benjamin Clein (1900-1967) and had two children, Harris Frank Clein (1929-2020) and Leonard S. Clein (1935-). In 1930, the young Clein family moved to Winston-Salem, North Carolina and establsihed the Camel Pawn shop, which closed in 2019.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel's liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzah, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had no time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated. The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occassions in Jewish life. In addition to eating matzah during the seder, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rype, spelt, or oats unless those foods are labeled \"kosher for Passover.\" Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as 'Georgia Tech' or 'Tech') is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University system of Georgia. The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Works Progress Administration (WPA) was an ambitious employment and infrastructure program created by President Roosevelt as part of his \"New Deal\" in 1935. During its eight-year existence, the WPA put some 8.5 million people ot work (over 11 million were unemployed in 1934) at a cost to the federal government of approximately $11 billion. The agency's construction projects produced more than 650,000 miles (1,046,000 km) of roads; 125,000 public buildings; 75,000 bridges; 8,000 parks; and 800 airports.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Airedale Terrier, also called Bingley Terrier, is a dog breed of the terrier type. Airedales are hunting dogs that originated in the valley of the River Aire, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is the largest of the terrier breeds and has a short, wiry brown and black coat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorningside/Lenox Park is a neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia founded in 1923. It is located north of Virginia-Highland, east of Ansley Park and west of Druid Hills. Approximately 3,500 households comprise the neighborhood that includes the orginial subdivisions of Morningside, Lenox Park, University Park, Noble Park, Johnson Estates, and Hylan Park. After World War II, residents of highly Jewish Washington-Rawson and Summerhill neighborhoods south of the State Capitol relocated to northeast Atlanta including Morningside when those old Jewsih neighborhoods were demolished to mae way for the Downtown Connector freeway and Turner Field.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Ernest Durocher (1905-1991), nicknamed Leo the Lip and Lippy, was an American professional baseball player, manager, and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as an infielder with the New York Yankees (1925, 1928-1929), Cincinnati Reds (1930-1933), St. Louis Cardinals (1933-1937), and Brooklyn Dodgers (1938-1941, 1943, 1945). Upon his retirement, he ranked fifth all-time among managers with 2,008 career victories, second only to John McGraw in National League history. Durocher was married four times. He was married to Ruby Hartley (1930-1934), socialite Grace Dozier (1934-1943), actress Laraine Day (1947-1960), and Lynne Walker Goldblatt (1969-1980).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Crackers were minor league baseball teams based in Atlanta between 1901 and 1965. The Crackers were Atlanta's homes team until the Atlanta Braves moved from Milwaukee in 1966. The Crackers played in Ponce de Leon Park from 1907 until a fire destroyed the all-wood stadium in 1923. Spiller Field (a stadiu, later also called 'Ponce de Leon Park'), became their home starting in the 1924 season. The new park was constructed around a magnolia tree that became part of the outfield.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati. They compete in Major League Baseball as a member of the National League Central Division. They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the National League in 1890.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Top Hat Club was a teenage social fraternity founded in 1935. It became one of the 12 youth clubs associated with the Atlanta Youth Council at the Jewsih Educational Alliance in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or 'Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,' is Atlanta's oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple's next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple's current location in Midtown on Peachtree Str4eet was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1,500 families (2015).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilton Romm (1924-1999) was born in Atlanta, Georgia to Sol and Rosalee Romm, daughter of Hyman and Esther Mendel. He married Shirley and worked for his grandfather's wholesale business, H. Mendel \u0026amp; Company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi David MArx was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia, He led the mvoe toward Reform Judaism practices. He served as rabbi from 1895-1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Semitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews. In this case, Harold seems to mean that Rabbi Marx was not friendly with the Orthodox and Conservative congregations, but not necessarily that he was hostile to Judaism. Rabbi Marx was very much aligned with the 1886 Pittsburgh Platform's ideal of Classical Reform Judaism, which differentiated him from and put him at odds with the Orthodox and Conservative congregations of Shearith Israel and AA. The Pittsburg Platform was a set of principles agreed upon by the Reform movement which called for Jews to adopt a more  modern approach to the practive of their faith and was a radical departure from traditional beliefs and practices. For example, Rabbi Marx believed in the cooperation between Jewish and non-Jewish communities. He was against the use of Hebrew in worship. He was also opposed to the establishment of the state of Israel, which conflicted with Zionism. But he was also very concerned with social justoce and rights for balcks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConservative refers to a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward mdoern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewsih observance. They aslo observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath Day holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshkenazi Jews (also known as Ashkenazic Jews or, by using the Hebrew plural suffix-im, Ashkenazim) are the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe and their descendants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta Jewsih Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewsih educational Alliance. The Jewsih Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewsih life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports, and cultural programs. The JEA ran campls and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940's, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the 'Marcus Jewsih Community Center of Atlanta.'\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAS the city of Atlanta began to grow in the late nineteenth century, so did its Jewish population, as a large influx of Jewish immigrants frim Eastern Europe arrived. The newcomers' religious and social customs were different from those of Atlanta's more established, well-assimilated and more liberal German Jewish community. They tended to intermarry within their own groups and resisted assimilation. They also tended to be younger and poorer. As a result, social and religious barriers between the twocommunities manifested with separate synagogues and clubs. By the end of the 1920s, some of the barriers between the two groups had begun to dissolve, however. The Eastern European Jews had begun to assimilate and their economic statuses had vastly improved so that there was less distinction between the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard \"Dick\" H. Rich (1901-1975) was a grandson of the founder of Rich's department store in Atlanta, Georgia. He took over as president of Rich's in 1949 and under his leadership Rich's began expansion in the 1950's. Richard's mother Rosalind Rich Rossenheim was the daughter of Morris Rich, founder of Rich's. Richard changed his name legally from Rossenheim to Rich because his grandfather wanted him to. Richard served in WWII in the US Army Air Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBantam roosters are a mniature breed of chickens. They can vary from one half to two-thrds the size of regular chickens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewsih Welfare Fund was one of the preceding organizations of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. Its function was to fundraise for the Jewsih community centrally and disperse it throughout the Jewish community (locally, nationally, and internationally) rather than each Jewsih institution trying to raise money individually.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East and their descendants. The adjective \"Sephardic\" and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardium (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word 'Sepharad,' which refers to Spain. Around 1906, there was a large influx of sephardic Jews from Turkey and Rhodes, a Greek Island, that immigrated to Atlanta. By 1910, the two groups had begun to cooperate together and formed the Oriental Hebrew association, which would build its own synagogue, or Ve Shalom. Although they lived in the same south Atlanta neighborhoods as the German and the Eastern European Ashkenazi Jews, until after World War II they did not mix.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoys' High School was founded in 1924 and is now known as Henry W. Grady High School. It is part of the Atlanta Public School System. It is located in Midtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein (1903-2003) was a native of Plunge, Lithuania who served as the rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982. Under his leadership the congregation began to shift from Conservatism, which they adopted in 1952. Rabbi Epstein retired in 1982, becoming Rabbi Emeritus and Rabbi Arnold Goodman assumed the rabbinic post. He was educated in a yeshiva in Chicago, where his father was a rabbi, and in New York. He was ordained in 1926 after studying at the Slobodka Yeshiva in Lithuania and Hebron Yeshiva in Palestine. In 1927, he became a pulpit rabbi at an Orthodox congregation in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In 1928, he took the rabbinate position at Ahacath Achim Congregation in Atlanta, Georgia, where he introduced a Sunday School, mixed seating of men and women, and the bat mitzvah ceremony for girls. He earned a B.A. degree in Philosophy and an M.A. degree in Theology from Emory University in Atlanta and a Ph.D in Theology from the University of Illinois School of Law. He was married to Reva (Rebecca) Chashesman and had two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuanian-born Rabbi Abraham P. Hirmes (188?-1946) led Ahavah Achim from 1919 to 1928. Hirmes originated the Sisterhood with his wife, whose immediate projects were focused on raising money for the building fund for the synagogue at the corner of Washington Street and Woodoward Avenue. About this time, there was an official name change of the congregation from 'Ahawas Achim' to 'Ahavath Achim.' It was also during this period that Bible School, Junior Congregation, and late Friday night services developed. Rabbi Hirmes studied at the Slobodka Yeshiva in Lithuania and pursued his rabbinical ordination at Yeshiva University-affiliated Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary in New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but usesd the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue from many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoy is a Yiddish term meaning \"people\" or \"nation.\" In common usage, it designates a non-Jewsih or Gentile person.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970), a native of Kovno, Lithuania (now known as Kaunus), was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that cdertified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta, and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewsih New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930's or early 1940's. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavison's of Atlanta was a department store chain and an Atlanta shopping institution. Davison's first opened its doors in Atlanta in 1891 and had its origins in the Davison \u0026amp; Douglas Company. In 1901, the store changed its name to Davison-Paxon-Stokes after the retirement of E. Lee Douglas from the business and the appointment of Frederic John Paxon as treasurer. Davison-Paxon-Stokes sold out to R.H. Macy \u0026amp; Co. in 1925. By 1927, R.H. Macy built the Peachtree Street store that still stands today. That same year the company dropped the 'Stokes' to become Davison Paxon Co. Davison's took the Macy's name in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJ.P. Allen was a department storre located on Peachtree Street and Cain Street (Renamed Andrew Young International Boulevard) in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe J.M. High Company was a department store in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded by Joseph Madison High (1855-1906), who originally opened a dry goods store on Whitehall Street (now Peachtree Street) in the 1880s along with partner E.D. Herring. In 1884, High bought out his partner and renamed the firm J. M. High \u0026amp; Co. In 1887, High opened a new department store on the west side of Whitehall and by 1889, had built a four-story buildinig at the corner of Whitehall and Hunter (now King Boulevard). In 1918, the store moved across the street into a 100,000 square foot space.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the tacks of the Georgia, Macon and Western and the Western and Atlantic railroads reached what was to become Atlanta in the 1840s, they formed the nucleus around which the rest of the city was developed. Peachtree Street (called Whitehall Street until 1976) quickly bevame the primary commercial corridor for the city, fueling a local building boom that put the district at the forefront of commerce beginning in the mid-19th century. The Whitehall Street retail historic district is centered on Peachtree Street (formerly Whitehall Street) and Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive (formerly Hunter Street). Other streets at the core of the area include Forsyth Street, Broad Street (formerly Market Street), Peachtree Street, and Mitchell Street. Prominent stores like Rich's and McClure's got theor start on Whitehall street. Later, national department store chains such as McCroy's, Kress, and H.L. Green would settle there. As the concept of the five and dime stores emerged on the American shopping scene, they became a fixture on Whitehall Street as well, eventually outlasting the more upscale department stores. The Whitehall Street Retail Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on 6 August 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Peachtree Arcade was a shopping arcade in Downtown Atlanta which stood from 1917 to 1964 on the site of what is now the State of Georgia Building on Peachtree Street just south of Marietta Street. It featured Beauz-Arts style facades that opened on both Peachtree and Broad Streets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDriving Miss Daisy (1987) is the first in what is known as Alfred Uhry's 'Atlanta Triology' of plays, which earned him the Pulitizer Prize for drama. Uhry adapted it into the screenplay for the 1989 Academy Award winning film of the same name. The film starred Jessica Tandy (Daisy Werthan), Morgan Freeman (Hoke Colburn), and Dan Aykroyd (Boolie Werthan). The story of 'Miss Daisy,' a Southern Jewish widow and Hoke, her black chauffeur, is set in Atlanta between 1948 and 1973 as their 25-year friendship reflects the social changes in the American South.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song \"Jump Jim Crow,\" a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice's fame, \"Jim Crow\" became a pejorative expression meaning \"Negro\" by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as \"Jim Crow\" laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly \"separate but equal\" status for black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restorroms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. Private businesses, political parties and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working in certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights Movement. Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHitler's racial laws were a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the \"Aryan Race,\" and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scietific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the \"master race\" of Germans. In Germany, the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were passed on 15 November 1935. They included the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of their German Citizenship. Allies of the Nazis emulated these laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the 'Civil War' or the 'War Between the States,' was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union of independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the 'South,' grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, no foreign countries ever diplomatically recognized the Confederacy. The states that did not declare secession were known as the 'Union' or the 'North.' The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Harold's mother in her oral history, Ina Mae's husband, Orris, also worked for the Yudelson family as a landscaper.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e'Nigger' is an ethnic slur, usually directed at black people. The word originated as a neutral term referring to people with black skin, as a variation of the Spanish and Portuguese noun negro, a descendant of the Latin adjective niger (black). By the mid-twentieth century, particularly in the United States, its usage became unambiguously pejorative, a racist insult. It began to diaspear from popular culture, and its continued inclusion in classic works of literature has sparked controvery. In the United States and United Kingdom, using the word \"nigger' is considered extremely offensive, and it is often replaced with the euphemism \"the N-word.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEach year, mourners light a special yahrzeit [Hebrew: anniversary] candle and recite the Kaddish to observe the anniversary of the death of a relative.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Grand Order of the Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenagers, founded in 1924. It currently exists as the male wine of B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, an independent non-profit organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrevard is a town in western North Carolina, located at the entrance to Pisgah National Forest. It is not known which camp Harold attended. Jewish organizations founded the first summer camps in the early 1900s and by the 1930s, Jewish summer camps had grown in popularity. The majority of these institutions were located near the larger Jewish populations on the East Coast. A smalled number of regional camps were located in the South and in the mountains of North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSar Serotta Popkin (1892-1982) immigrated to the United States from Russia with her family in 1898 and settled in Augusta, Georgia. In 1917, Sara married Morris Popkin, who was also from Russia. Sara and Morris had six children. Morris owned dry goods stores and farmland in small Georgia towns. After Morris died in 1932, Mary opened a children's shop in Augusta. She later remarried Sam Dietz.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Popkin (1920-2010) was born in Stillmore, Georgia to Sara and Morris Popkin. He atteneded Georgia Tech before serving in the Air Force during World War II. After the war, he co-founded Blue Star Camps in Henderson County with his brothers Herman and Ben in 1948. After retiring from the operations of Blue Star Camps, Harry worked for B'nai B'rith and served as President of the Temple in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin \"Ben\" Popkin (1924-1952) was born in Stillmore, Georgia to Sara and Morris Popkin. He served in the Navy during World War II. After the war, he accepted a position as regional director for the Zionist Youth Program before co-founding Blue Star Camps in Henderson County with his brothers Herman and Harry in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHilda Popkin (1924-2011) was born in Stillmore, Georgia to Sara and Morris Popkin. She graduated from University Hospital School of Nursing in Augusta, Georgia in 1946 and became a private duty nurse. She married Robert W. Ney om 1 December 1946 and had four children. She served as the camp nurse for her brothers' summer camp, Blue Star, for many years. Later in life, she opened an antiques store, Godmother's.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman M. Popkin (1918-2002) was born in Augusta, Georgia to Sara and Morris Popkin. He served in the Signal Corps during World War II. After the war, he accepted a position as the regional director for the Zionist Youth Program before co-founding Blue Star Camps in Henderson County with his brothers Harry and Ben in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mayfair Club opened in 1938 at 1456 Spring Street in Midtwon Atlanta. The two-story club was a focal point of Jewsih life in the city for more than 25 years. The club was founded in 1930 and first met at the Biltmore Hotel. Eleanor Roosevelt, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, mayors Ivan Allen and William Berry Hartsfield, senators Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell, and govern Carl Sanders visited the club. Fire destroyed the Mayfair Club on 4 December 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization that was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first, the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940, the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtwon with three swimming pools, tennis, and softball. In 1976, the club moved north to 1160 Moore's Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold as the club faced financial challenges and the Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSisterhood refers to a group of women in a synagogue congregation who join together to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax L. Mendel (1888-1961) was a native of Russia. He resided in Atlanta for more than 40 years before relocating to Columbus, Georgia. He was secretary of the Jewish Progressive Club in Atlanta for 20 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the Concordia Association in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the 'Standard Club' and moved into the former mansion of William C. Saders near the site of Georgia State Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920's, the club moved to to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980's, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta's northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbrom Lewis (A.L.) Feldman was born in Hartwell, Georgia in 1896. His family moved to Atlanta shortly before his sixth birthday, where he attended Ivy Street School, and the Georgia Tech Evening School of Commerce (later Georgia State University). In 1916 he bagan working as a city salesman for the Selig Chemical Company, and in 1920, he established his own business, the Puritan Chemical Company. He sold it in 1973 for $7 million.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJennye Saul (1901-1985) was born in Atlanta, Georgia to David and Brina Ettelson Saul, who had immigrated from Lithuania. She married Abrom Lewis Feldman and had two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Federation was formally incorporated in 1967 and is the resukt of the merger of the Atlanta Federation for the Jewish Social Service founded in 1905 as the Federation of Jewish Charities; the Atlanta Jewish Welfare federation founded in 1936 as the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund; and the Atlanta Jewish Community Council founded in 1945. The organization was renamed the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta in 1997.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as 'FDR,' he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of the war. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horse rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as Polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClark Gable (1901-1960) was an American film actor. He landed his first leading Hollywood Role in 1932 and became a leading man in more than 60 motion pictures over the next three decades. Gabe was best known for his role as Rhett Butler in Gone With the Wind (1939), where he delived the famous line, \"Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn\" in response to Scarlett O'Hara when she asks \"Where shall I go?\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Nance Garner III, known among his contemporaries as \"Cactus Jack,\" was an American Democratic politician and lawyer from Texas. He was the 32nd Vice President of the United States, serving from 1933 to 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames \"Jimmy\" Frances Byrnes (1882-1972) was an American judge and politician from the state of South Carolina. He was a Democrat. He served as a Representative and Senator until 1941, when longtime friend President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him to the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice. During World War II, he became Director of the Office of War Mobilization. He then served as U.S. Secretary of State from 1945-1947 under President Truman. His last public office was Governor of South Carolina (1951-1955).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe office of Chief of Staff did not exist when Roosevelt was President. While he did appoint a Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief during World War II for his principal military advisor, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, was from Iowa. Harold instead seems to be referring to F. Palmer Weber, an advisor to FDR. Frederick Palmer Weber (1914-1986) was a political activist and businessman born in Smithfield, Virginia. Weber became a prominent labor and civil rights activist in the 1940s. Weber served on a committee in the House of Representatives that investigated the concentration of economic power in the South, and also worked for the Senate's War Mobilization Committee. In 1944, he became research director of the Political Action Committee of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. He was eleced to the national board for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1946 and in 1948 became southern regional director of the Progressive Party. Weber was a co-founder of Businessmen Against the War in Vietnam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarm Springs, Georgia first came to prominence in the nineteenth century as a spa town, because of its mineral springs, which flow constatnly at nearly 32C (90F). In 1921 Franklin Delano Roosevelt contracted Polio. One of the few things that seemed to ease his pain was immersion in warm water. He first went to Warm Springs in 1924 hoping to find a cure. Swimming in the spring waters brought him no miracle cure, but it did bring improvement. Roosevelt built a home in Warm Springs in 1932 while he was governor of New York, prior to being inaugurated as president in 1933. He lived in the home during the time he was president and it came to be called the 'Little White House.' He died there in 1945. It is now a public museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Rosenwald (1862-1932), born in Springfield, Illinois, was an American businessman and philanthropist. He is best known as a part-owner and leader of Sears (officially Sears, Roebuck and Company). His connection with Sears began in 1895 when Rosenwald and his brother-in-law, Aaron Nusbaum, purchased half the company. In 1908, Rosenwald was named president after taking the company public. He served as chairman of Sears from 1922 to 1932. Rosenwald was a member of Chicago's leading Jewsih Reform congregation, Chicago Sinai congregation. Its rabbi, Emil G. Hirsch, made a big impact on Rosenwald's philanthropy. Rosenwald was a major donor to several Jewish community projects in Chicago and served as vice president of Chicago Sinai for many years. Rosenwald provided Booker T, Washington funds to build six small schools in rural Alabama that were opened in 1913 and 1914 and overseen by the Tuskegee Institute. He established the Rosenwald Fund, which donated millions in matching funds to support the education of African American children in the rural South. The fund eventually constructed more than 5,000 schools and shops for African American children, as well as homes for their teachers. He was the principal fonder and backer for the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, to which he gave more than $5 million and served as president from 1927 to 1932.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear which book Harold is referring to. Several books and a movie have been produced about the relationship between philanthropist Julius Rosenwald and educator Booker T. Washington. While Washington published a book (\u003cem\u003eUp From Slavery\u003c/em\u003e), it does not appear Rosenwald ever did. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tuskegee Institute was founded in 1881 by Booker T. Washington under a charter from the Alabama legislature for the purpose of training teachers in Alabama. It was built on an abandoned plantation of 1,000 acres in Tuskegee, Alabama. Tuskegee’s program provided students with both academic and vocational training. The students built their own buildings, produced their own food and provided for most of their own basic necessities, skills that they would then share with African American communities throughout the South. By 1906, the school had 156 faculty members, 1,590 students, and owned 2,300 acres of land. Now called Tuskegee University, the school was home to scientist George Washington Carver and to World War II’s Tuskegee Airmen. It was also the site of an infamous and controversial syphilis study conducted between 1932 and 1972. In 1965, Tuskegee Institute was designated a national historic landmark in recognition of its contributions and advancements in education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClark Atlanta University, Spelman College, Morehouse College, and the Morehouse School of Medicine are four historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) that are part of the Atlanta University Center Consortium, located in southwest Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Atlanta Journal Constitution\u003c/em\u003e published an article on page A9 on January 30, 2001 that was written by Harold and titled “Symbol demeans black people, and should insult white people.” In the article, Harold shares his recollections of the segregation he grew up with, his interactions with black soldiers during World War II, and his opinion that the Confederate symbol should be removed from the Georgia state flag. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished in 1636, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Originally named Harvard, as a college, it was recognized as a University in 1780. Harvard is based in Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuania is the southernmost of the Baltic States. Lithuania was an independent country from the end of World War I until 1940. Before World War II, the Jewish population was 160,000, about 7 percent of the total population. On January 16, 1939, Lithuania and Germany signed a nonaggression pact. Nevertheless, in March of that year Germany annexed the Lithuanian territory of Memel-Klaipeda, a region with an ethnic German majority. The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in June 1940 and annexed the country in August 1940. Then on June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union and Soviet forces fled the country. In June and July 1941, the Germans occupied Lithuania. By the time Lithuania was liberated at the end of 1944, about 90 percent of Lithuanian Jews had been murdered—one of the highest victim rates in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Strauss (1923-2018) was one of three children born to a Jewish family in Alsfeld, Germany. Walter left Nazi Germany for the United States in 1936, at the age of 13. His father, mother, and brother, Harry, escaped to present-day Zambia and later joined him in the US. Walter moved to Atlanta from Bluefield, West Virginia. After high school, he enlisted as a translator of German for the American Army. When he returned he started a men's and boy's clothing store, Walter’s Clothing, in downtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard “Bernie” Halpern (1922-1980) immigrated from Poland in 1938. He settled in Atlanta, Georgia, learned English by attending night school, and within two years purchased his own grocery store. Bernard later became a residential real estate developer of small apartment complexes. In the early 1960s, he exchanged his residential properties for shopping centers and began a company called Halpern Enterprises, which is still operated by his children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust. It was opened in 1993, adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah Magazine is an American magazine published by the Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America. It covers Israel, the Jewish world, and subjects of interest to American Jewish women. It was established in 1914 in New York City, New York. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn January 1933 there were approximately 523,000 Jews in Germany. Approximately 304,000 German Jews emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. When the Nazis came to power, there was an initial wave of emigration, mostly to neighboring European countries, which would later be occupied by the Nazis. In 1938—especially after \u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e—Jewish emigration increased dramatically. Only about 202,000 Jews remained in Germany by the end of 1939. By October 1941, when Jewish emigration was officially forbidden, the number of Jews in Germany had declined to 163,000.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe total Jewish population of Europe in 1933 was estimated at about 9.5 million, which was more than 60 percent of the world’s Jewish population. Most European Jews lived in eastern Europe, with about 5.5 million Jews living in Poland and the Soviet Union. By the time the Holocaust and World War II had ended over a decade later, most European Jews—two out of every three—were dead. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million, with approximately three million of those from Poland and 1,340,000 of those from the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy 1935, the population of Atlanta, Georgia was 285,000. An estimated 12,000, or just over four percent, of that was Jewish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerbert Orlando “H. O.” Smith (1880-1963) was the principal at Boys’ High in Atlanta from 1920 to his retirement in 1946. He was born in Portland, Maine and was a graduate of Boston Latin School and Harvard College. He was a teacher at Boys’ High from 1909 to 1920 before his appointment as principal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMidtown High School, formerly Henry W. Grady High School, is a public high school located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It began as Boys High School and was one of the first two high schools established by Atlanta Public Schools in 1872. The school began using the name Grady in 1947. In 2020, it was renamed Midtown High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJennings Rose Room was a large nightclub on Monroe Drive in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGirls’ High School was one of seven schools that were part of the original Atlanta public school system. It opened in 1872, and was the only public school in the area exclusively for girls. Mr. Bernard Mallon was the first principal of the school. The first school society was the Browning Society, later renamed the Mallon Society in honor of the principal. The original school site was the DeSaul Building at the corner of Whitehall and Hunter Street where classes were held in four rooms on the upper floor. It moved to the John Neal home in 1873. It was a superb school academically, and had 104 rooms including science halls, laboratories, sewing rooms, a library, and outdoor classrooms. In 1925, the school moved to Rosalia Street. In 1947, Atlanta high schools became co-educational and Girls’ High was renamed ‘Roosevelt High School.’ The school closed in 1985 and was sold to a development company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBorn in Nashville, Tennessee, R. L. “Shorty” Doyal was a legendary coach at Atlanta's Boys High where he compiled a 200-41-12 mark from 1922-1947, winning numerous state crowns. Doyal was a two-year letterman at Georgia Tech. “Shorty” stood 6-feet 5-inches tall. From 1945 until 1951, he coached football at Atlanta’s Marist School. Doyal was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1957. Doyal was the founder of the North Georgia Football Coaches Association.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTechnological High School (“Tech High”) was an all-male high school that opened on Marietta Street in Atlanta, Georgia in 1909. In 1924, it moved to a building on Monroe Drive, between 8th and 10th streets, where Midtown High School is located today. It shared the same building as Boys’ High. Boys’ High was on the top floor of the building and Tech High was on the bottom. Tech High was only for boys interested in the applied sciences (electricity, automobiles, aviation, skilled manufacturing, etc.). It was considered an outstanding school in academics, sports, and for its ROTC program. Tech High and Boys’ High merged in 1947 to become co-ed Grady High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStone Mountain is located in what is now the site of Stone Mountain Park. At its summit, Stone Mountain’s elevation is 1,686 feet. It is well-known not only for its geology, but also for the enormous bas-relief carving on its north face depicting three figures of the Confederate States of America: Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee, and Jefferson Davis. Stone Mountain was the site of Ku Klux Klan activities. It was purchased by the State of Georgia in 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsadore Kuniansky (1894-1957) was born in Komorovo in the Russian Empire. Isadore was an electrical engineer who graduated from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1917 and began working with the Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company. He was a World War I veteran, serving in the Signal Corps. He later became an outside plant engineer and supervisor for American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT\u0026amp;T). Graduate of Georgia Institute of Technology. He was a treasurer for The Temple and a member of Gate City Lodge of B’nai B’rith and the Mayfair Club. He and his wife, Marjorie Bleich Kuniasky, had two daughters, Harriett (1922- ) and Esther (1927-2021).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDaniel L. O’Keefe Junior High school opened in 1923 at 151 Sixth Street NW. The school remained open until 1973. In 1979, Georgia Tech University purchased the building, which now serves as student housing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaptain Blood\u003c/em\u003e is a 1935 American black-and-white movie from Warner Brothers Pictures. It starred Errol Flynn as Peter Blood, a young Irish doctor who becomes the most feared pirate of the Caribbean and Olivia de Havilland as Arabella Bishop, his love interest. It was a remake of a popular 1924 silent film, which was based on a 1922 novel of the same name by Rafael Sabatini. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Alfred Schlesinger, Jr. (1921-1997) was an Atlanta, Georgia native who attended Boy’s High School. He served as a Marine in the Pacific Theater in World War II. In 1951, he graduated from Georgia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvey Jacobson (1923-2007) was a native of Atlanta and an engineer who was a president at National Linen Services and a senior vice-president at National Service Industries. He was a graduate of Boys’ High School in Atlanta and Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. During World War II, he was in the United States Navy, stationed on a minesweeper in the Pacific fleet. He was on the board of directors for the Standard Club, the Atlanta Jewish Community Center, the Jewish Home of Atlanta, the Atlanta Jewish Federation, the Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Temple.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Theodore “Ted” Clinton Levitas (1924-2016) was a native Atlantan and pediatric dentist. He attended Boys’ High in Atlanta. He was a graduate of the Emory University School of Dentistry. He served as chief of staff for the Ben Massell Dental Clinic in Atlanta for several years. He was in the United States Navy during World War II, serving in the Pacific Theater. He was president of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, the American Society of Dentistry for Children, the Southeastern Society of Pediatric Dentistry, the Northern (Georgia) District Dental Society, and Atlanta's Thomas P. Hinman Dental Society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Lincoln (1924-2013) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He attended Boys High and Georgia Tech. He was the owner of D'Lang Fashions. In 1960, he earned his law degree from John Marshall Law School and began a career as a lawyer and mediator for the Justice Department and the Post Office.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarvey Lee Cohen (1921-2005) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. After graduating from Boy’s High School, he graduated from Georgia Tech with a degree in ceramic engineering. He served in World War II as a Lieutenant in the Army and helped in liberating the concentration camp Gunskirchen Lager. Cohen was a member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and was co-owner of CoBock Construction Company in Atlanta and Montgomery, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Cohen (1923-2013) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. After graduating from Boy’s High School, he served in the Army in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA historic neighborhood of Atlanta that was formed around Grant Park, the fourth largest park in the city. It had two major attractions: Zoo Atlanta and the Atlanta Cyclorama, a cyclorama featuring the 1864 Battle of Atlanta during the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Race Riots was a mass civil disturbance in Atlanta, Georgia that began the evening of September 22 and lasted until September 26, 1906. An estimated 25 to 40 African-Americans were murdered and scores more were wounded.  Considerable property damage was also done. On September 22, 1906 Atlanta newspapers reported four alleged assaults on local white women by black men in lurid detail. Soon, some 10,000 white men and boys began gathering on Decatur Street in the Five Points area downtown.  While the newspaper story was the catalyst, the deeper causes lay in increasing racial tensions between blacks and whites, Jim Crow segregation, and Reconstruction politics.  Attempts to calm the mob failed and it turned violent to people and property.  The militia was summoned and streetcar service suspended in an attempt to drive the rioters from the streets. There was even a gun battle between the militias and armed black men. It took four days for the riot to be brought under control. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution.  Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHalley’s Comet, or Comet Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 74 to 79 years. The comet’s periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley, after whom it is now named. The 1910 approach, which came into naked-eye view around April 10, was notable for because it was the first approach of which photographs exist and the first for which spectroscopic data were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pennsylvania State University, commonly called Penn State, is a public research university founded in 1855. Today it has campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Its main campus is located in University Park, Pennsylvania, about midway between Philadelphia and Pittsburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “Ivy League” refers to a group of long-established colleges and universities in the eastern United States having high academic and social prestige.  It includes Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Dartmouth, Cornell, Brown, and the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boys’ High School Alumni Association, Inc. began in 1983, with around 1,000 of a known 2,000 alumni involved. The organization hosted annual all-class reunions, began a scholarship and has been a major financial contributor at Grady High School. Although the organization still had over 300 active members, in 2018, it held its last reunion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaces Ferry Road is a major road that runs east-west across northern Atlanta. Chartered in 1956, Cherokee Town and Country Club is one of Atlanta's private clubs. The club has two locations: the Town Club, which occupies the famed Grant Estate on West Paces Ferry Road in Buckhead and the Country Club, which is located near the Chattahoochee River in Sandy Springs. Traditionally, the club did not have any minority members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania, a private Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Wharton has been one of the top-ranked business schools, both nationally and internationally. Wharton's MBA program tied with Harvard Business School for the Number 1 rank in the United States, according to U.S. News \u0026amp; World Report in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAffirmative action refers to policies that take factors including “race, color, religion, sex, or national origin” into consideration to the benefit of an underrepresented group “in areas of employment, education and business.”  The concept of affirmative action was introduced in the early 1960’s to combat racial discrimination in the hiring process, and in the 1967, the concept was expanded to include gender.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private university in Atlanta. It was founded in 1836 by a small group of Methodists and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory. Today it considered one of the top-ranking universities in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia, founded in 1785, also referred to as UGA or simply Georgia, is an American public research university in the city of Athens in the U.S. state of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTulane University is a private, nonsectarian research university located in New Orleans, Louisiana.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrinceton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1931 to the late 1950’s, courtship weekends in southern cities included Montgomery, Alabama’s ‘Falcon,’ Birmingham, Alabama’s ‘Jubilee,’ Columbus, Georgia’s ‘Holly Days,’ and Atlanta, Georgia’s ‘Ballyhoo.’ They were attended by college-age Jewish youth from across the South who participated in rounds of breakfast dates, lunch dates, tea dance dates, early evening dates, late night dates, formal dances, and cocktail parties, with the goal of meeting a “nice Jewish boy or girl” who might well become a spouse. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFour years before Pearl Harbor, the United States and Japan were involved in an incident that could have led to war between the two nations. On December 12, 1937, the American navy gunboat \u003cem\u003ePanay \u003c/em\u003ewas bombed and sunk by Japanese aircraft. A flat-bottomed craft built in Shanghai specifically for river duty, \u003cem\u003eUSS Panay \u003c/em\u003eserved as part of the U.S. Navy’s Yangtze Patrol in the Asiatic Fleet, which was responsible for patrolling the Yangtze River to protect American lives and property. After invading China in the summer of 1937, Japanese forces moved on the city of Nanking in December. \u003cem\u003ePanay \u003c/em\u003eevacuated the remaining Americans from the city on December 11, bringing the number of people on board to five officers, fifty-four enlisted men, four U.S. embassy staff, and ten civilians. The following day, while upstream from Nanking, \u003cem\u003ePanay \u003c/em\u003eand three Standard Oil tankers, \u003cem\u003eMei Ping\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMei An\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eMei Hsia\u003c/em\u003e, came under attack from Japanese naval aircraft. On the \u003cem\u003ePanay\u003c/em\u003e, three men were killed, and forty-three sailors and five civilians were wounded. Survivors were later taken on board the American vessel \u003cem\u003eUSS Oahu \u003c/em\u003eand the British ships \u003cem\u003eHMS Ladybird\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHMS Bee\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearl Harbor is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. On December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet, which was docked in Pearl Harbor. Just before 8 a.m. on that Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight battleships, and over 300 airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral. A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and we began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorton Louis Zalk (1922-1986) was the son of Louis Zalk, an owner of the Duluth Iron and Metal Company in Duluth, Minnesota.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Capitol, atop Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, DC, is the seat of the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the United States federal government, completed in the year 1800.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two houses of Congress generally work separately, but on occasion the House of Representatives and the Senate gather together in what is known as a Joint Session. A Joint Session takes place when the House and Senate adopt a concurrent resolution. Joint Sessions typically are reserved to hear an address from the President of the United States or to count presidential electoral votes as specified by the U.S. Constitution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 8, 1941, less than 24 hours after the first news of the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt drove to the Capitol to deliver a six-and-a-half-minute long speech to a joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives. In the speech, he requested Congress declaration war on the Japanese Empire. He began his speech with the often-quoted line, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941 a date which will live in infamy the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 8, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan. This prompted Germany to declare war on the United States, which, in turn, led to the United States to declare war on Germany on December 11, 1941. Responding to President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s solemn affirmation that “the forces endeavoring to enslave the entire world now are moving toward this hemisphere,” all 393 members of the House adopted the war resolution on Germany. In the Senate, the vote was also unanimous at 88-0. This marked only the seventh time in its history Congress had declared war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the third floor of the U.S. Capitol are the galleries of the Senate and the House of Representatives, which are open for visitors to watch the proceedings whenever either body is in session.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJeannette Pickering Rankin (1880-1973) was the first woman in the United States Congress. A Republican, she was elected statewide in Montana in 1916 and again in 1940. A lifelong pacifist, she voted against the entry of the United States into both World War I in 1917 and World War II in 1941, the only member of Congress to vote against the entry of the United States into World War II after Pearl Harbor. She is the only woman to be elected to Congress from Montana.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo, GTMO, and \"Gitmo\", which is on the coast of Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. It has been operational since 2002 and is used to house Muslim militants and suspected terrorists captured by U.S. forces in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere. As of January 2021, 731 of the 780 people detained were transferred, 40 remain and 9 died while in custody.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust—the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the Germans to annihilate the Jews of Europe—took place between 1939 and 1945. Although the first extermination camp, Chelmno, did not begin operations until December 1941, the Germans had been experimenting with poison gas for the purpose of mass murder since 1939. Six gassing installations were established as part of the Euthanasia Program starting in late in 1939 and the Einsatzgruppe began using gas vans for mass killings after invading the Soviet Union in June 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween March 1938 and September 1939, about 85,000 Jewish refugees (out of 120,000 Jewish emigrants from Austria and Germany) reached the United States, but this level was far below the number seeking refuge. In late 1938, 125,000 applicants lined up outside US consulates hoping to obtain 27,000 visas under the existing immigration quota. By June 1939, the number of applicants had increased to over 300,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs World War II raged in Europe and Asia, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Selective Training and Service Act into law on September 16, 1940, making it the first peacetime draft in U.S. History. All males aged 21 to 36 were required to register. Those who were selected from the draft lottery were required to serve at least one year in the armed forces. Once the US entered the war, draft terms were extended through the duration of the fighting. In November 1942, Congress approved lowering the draft age to 18 and raising the upper limit to age 37. More than 10 million men were inducted into the armed forces between November 1940 and October 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the United States entered World War II in the early 1940s, American colleges and universities were facing declining enrollment as men who would have normally gone to college were either drafted or volunteered for service.  At the same time, the U.S. Navy was in need of commissioned officers to meet the demands of the Second World War. The V-12 Navy College Training Program was created to generate a large number of officers as well as to offset the dropping enrollment at colleges. Backed by the federal government, the program paid tuition to participating colleges and universities for college courses that were taught to qualified candidates. Eligible candidates included naval enlisted personnel who were recommended by their commanding officers and high school seniors who passed a qualifying exam. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort George G. Meade is a United States Army installation located in Maryland. It opened in 1917.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Wheeler was a United States Army training camp near Macon, Georgia. The camp was a staging location for many US Army units during World War I and World War II, after which it was dismantled.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Appalachia’ is a term used to describe a cultural region in the eastern United States that stretches from the southern New York state to northern Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia. While endowed with abundant natural resources, Appalachia has long been associated with and struggle with poverty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGI is an abbreviation for “Government Issue” and commonly refers to a member or former member of the United States armed forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) was established by the United States Army in December 1942. The ASTP was the largest military training program during World War II. The program, created to meet \"the exigencies of war,\" included developing the Army's manpower supply while training soldiers to meet the technological challenges of the war. In addition, the program also sought to reduce the impact of decreasing enrollments in higher education. To this end, the military partnered with over 220 colleges and universities who then provided training in engineering, foreign language and area studies, personnel psychology, and medical sciences which included dentistry, medicine and, veterinary sciences. These programs were accelerated; students were expected to complete the program in 18 months with a four-year degree and a commission. At its height in December 1943, about 140,000 men were enrolled in the program.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWashington is a city in Pennsylvania, United States. It is near Pittsburgh, in the southwestern part of the state. Washington is home to Washington \u0026amp; Jefferson College.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Women's Army Corps (WAC) was the women's branch of the United States Army. It was created as an auxiliary unit, the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in 1942. In 1943, it was converted to an active-duty status in the Army as the WAC. Applicants had to be U.S. citizens between the ages of 21 and 45 with no dependents, be at least five feet tall, and weigh 100 pounds or more. Over 150,000 American women served in the Women's Army Corps (WAC) during World War 11. Members of the WAC were the first women other than nurses to serve within the ranks of the United States Army. The majority of WACs served in clerical assignments, but many performed nontraditional jobs such as radio operator, electrician, and air traffic controller. The WAC remained a separate unit of the U.S. Army until 1978, when male and female forces were integrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe St. Netherland Plaza was a hotel that opened in 1931 as part of a multipurpose commercial structure known as “Carew Tower” in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. The luxurious 800-room hotel was opulently decorated and quickly attracted many prominent and famous guests. In 1985, the Netherland Plaza Hotel and Carew Tower earned National Historic Register and National Landmark status from the U.S. Department of the Interior. Today, the Netherland Plaza is a part of Hilton Hotels and Resorting, operating as the “Hilton Cincinnati Netherland Plaza.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Day of Atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSouthern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company was once the Bell Operating Company serving the states of Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina prior to the breakup of AT\u0026amp;T. The company was originally known as the Atlanta Telephonic Exchange, having been created to service citizens of Atlanta in 1879, before it was renamed in 1882. Southern Bell was renamed BellSouth Telecommunications until it was merged into AT\u0026amp;T in 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOwensboro is a city in western Kentucky, near the Indiana border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeaver Dam is a small town in western Kentucky.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA crank telephone was a wall phone with a hand crank that was used to charge the battery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRoy Acuff (1903-1992) was an American country music singer, songwriter, and violin player.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Grand Ole Opry is a weekly American country music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee, founded on November 28, 1925, by George D. Hay as a one-hour radio \"barn dance\" on WSM. Currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment, it is the longest-running radio broadcast in U.S. history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 84th Infantry Division is a unit of the United States Army that was formed in 1917, the year the U.S. entered World War I. It is known as the “Railsplitter” division because of its insignia, which has an ax splitting a rail. In World War II, the division landed on Omaha Beach in Normandy in early November 1944, five months after D-Day. From France, the unit moved quickly into the Netherlands in preparations for an offensive into Nazi Germany. During the Battle of the Bulge, the 84th was diverted to Belgium to stop the German offensive. In March 1945, it moved into the Rhineland and subsequently advanced northward, capturing the city of Hannover on April 10. The 84th eventually made it was to the Elbe River and made contact with Soviet armed forces in early May 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Claiborne was a U.S. Army military camp during World War II located in Rapides Parish in central Louisiana. It was situated in the Kisatchie National Forest. The camp was under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Eighth Service Command, and included 23,000 acres. From 1939 to 1946, over half a million men went through Camp Claiborne. The camp was dismantled and the land sold after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. It was the largest amphibious landing to that time in history combining land, sea and air elements. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, and by the following spring the Allies had defeated the Germans. The cost of the Normandy campaign was high on both sides. From D-Day through August 21, the Allies landed more than two million men in northern France and suffered more than 226,386 casualties: 72,911 killed/missing and 153,475 wounded. German losses included over 240,000 casualties and 200,000 captured. On D-Day alone, German casualties were estimated at being between 4,000 and 9,000 killed, missing, or wounded. Allied causalities were documented for at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoise N. Kaplan (1893-1970) was born in Atlanta and was a member of The Temple. He served in the army during World War I before a successful career with the Prudential Insurance Company. An avid fisherman, he published\u003cem\u003e Big Game Angler’s Paradise\u003c/em\u003e in 1936. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLieutenant General Louis Watson Truman (1908–2004) was a senior United States Army officer. In April 1944, he joined the 84th Infantry Division as a lieutenant colonel. He later served as Commanding General of the Third United States Army. Truman's father, Major General Ralph E. Truman, was a cousin of President Harry S. Truman, and he served as his Aide-de-Camp during Truman's inauguration in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the United States, Social Security is a federal program funded through payroll taxes that provides income to retired and disabled citizens. The Social Security Act was signed into law by President Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. To design the program, Roosevelt relied on his Committee on Economic Security (CES), which was composed of five top cabinet-level officials, under the leadership of Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins. The CES assembled a small staff of experts borrowed from other federal agencies along with a handful of outside consultants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the Ardennes Offensive (December 16, 1944 through January 25, 1945), the Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes mountain region in Belgium. Hitler threw everything he had into trying to drive the Allies back and stopping their advance out of Normandy, France. The Germans achieved nearly complete surprise during a period of heavy overcast weather, which grounded the Allies’ air forces. The Germans nearly broke through (“the Bulge”) the Allied lines. Nearly 19,000 Allied troops were killed and 62,000 wounded and 26,000 missing or captured. The Germans suffered nearly 85,000 casualties before they were pushed back. It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Joseph Robinson is a United States military installation in North Little Rock, Arkansas. When it was originally built in 1917 as the home of the 87th Division, it was known as Camp Pike. It was renamed in 1937. With the start of World War II, the post took on a new role as a replacement training center. Initially, there were two centers, one for basic training and the other for medics. In 1944, the two were combined into the Infantry Replacement Training Center. Camp Robinson continues to serve today as the home for the Arkansas National Guard’s Joint Forces Headquarters and other Arkansas National Guard units. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTrench foot, or immersion foot, is a type of foot damage from the prolonged exposure of feet to damp or wet conditions. The feet may become red or bluish in color and as the condition worsens, the feet can start to swell and smell of decay. Complications may include skin breakdown or infection. The condition first became known during World War I, when soldiers got trench foot from fighting in cold, wet conditions in trenches without extra socks to help keep their feet dry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Myles Standish was a U.S. Army camp located in Taunton, Massachusetts during World War II. It was the main staging area for the Boston Port of Embarkation, with about a million U.S. and Allied soldiers passing through the camp on their way overseas or returning for demobilization after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlvin Harold Greenberg (1926-2002) was born in Birmingham, Alabama but grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and attended Boys’ High School. He enlisted in the Army in September 1944 and went to basic training at Fort McPherson. In 1948, he married Margie Blumenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlantic Ocean was a major strategic battle zone. After war was declared, German submarines (“U-boats”) began to be frequently spotted along the East Coast of the US, where they torpedoed several ships.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWinston Churchill (1874-1965) was the Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill had sketched an idea for temporary harbors in 1915, which he had sent in a memo to wartime Chancellor Lloyd George, but the idea was never used. As Prime Minister in World War II, he again issued memos with design ideas for temporary harbors to be used in the invasion of Normandy, but he cannot be fully credited with having designed the temporary harbors that where eventually built in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA black market is economic activity that takes place outside government-sanctioned channels. Black market transactions usually occur “under the table” to let participants avoid government price controls or taxes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the United States entered World War II, the government created a system of rationing, limiting the amount of certain goods that a person could purchase. Supplies such as gasoline, butter, sugar and canned milk were rationed because they needed to be diverted to the war effort. War also disrupted trade, limiting the availability of some goods. On August 28, 1941, President Roosevelt’s Executive Order 8875 created the Office of Price Administration (OPA). The OPA’s main responsibility was to place a ceiling on prices of most goods, and to limit consumption by rationing. Americans received their first ration cards in May 1942. Ration cards included stamps with drawings of airplanes, guns, tanks, aircraft, ears of wheat and fruit, which were used to purchase rationed items. The OPA rationed automobiles, tires, gasoline, fuel oil, coal, firewood, nylon, silk, and shoes. Americans used their ration cards and stamps to take their meager share of household staples including meat, dairy, coffee, dried fruits, jams, jellies, lard, shortening, and oils.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War I, the French Army drafted 20’ by 8’ boxcars into military service as troop transports. The boxcars, which had first been introduced in the 1870s, had \"40 Hommes et 8 Cheveaux\" [French: 40 men or 8 horses] stenciled on their sides and were sometimes called ‘forty-and-eights.” To the thousands of American soldiers, known as Doughboys, that rode in the cars, the phrase translated into endless jokes and hours of uncomfortable travel. These infamous boxcars were used during WWII to transport troops to and from the front. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLe Havre is a highly industrialized city and major port in northern France's Normandy region, where the Seine River meets the English Channel. During World War II, German forces occupied Le Havre from the spring of 1940. They began constructing a naval base, installing bunkers, pillboxes, and artillery batteries, as well as expanding the port. A series of Allied bombing raids between April and September 1944, when the Allies captured the city, left Le Havre in ruins. Almost three-quarters of its buildings were destroyed. Over 5,000 civilians were killed and upwards of 80,000 were injured and made homeless. Despite the extensive damages, Le Havre became a major staging area for thousands of Allied troops. Le Havre was rebuilt after the war; its city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVerviers is a town in eastern Belgium, approximately 15 miles (24 kilometers) from the German border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWar bonds are debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations and other expenditure in times of war. War bonds are either retail bonds marketed directly to the public or wholesale bonds traded on a stock market. They had denomination ranging from $10 to $1,000 and sold for 50 to 75 percent of their face value. They do not typically pay interest, but mature to face value after a period of 10 to 30 years. War bonds were first known as Defense Bonds and issued as Liberty Bonds during World War I. In World War II, they were renamed War Bonds. More than 80 million American purchased war bonds, bringing in over $180 billion in revenue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 16th Infantry Regiment is a regiment in the United States Army and has traditionally been a part of the 1st Infantry Division. The 16th Infantry Regiment was initially organized as the 1st Battalion of the 11th U.S. Infantry at Fort Independence, Massachusetts, in the summer and fall of 1861. It has participated in every major conflict since the Civil War. The regiment arrived in Europe in April of 1942 and participated in the invasion of North Africa and the campaign in Sicily. The 16th Infantry participated in the invasion of France (D-Day) at Omaha Beach in Normandy. After taking part in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium, the unit entered Germany and moved towards the Harz Mountains. In April 1945, they advanced into Czechoslovakia, where they remained until the war ended. After the war, the regiment was part of the occupation forces in Austria and Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBad Godesberg is a town located along the hills and cliffs of the west bank of the Rhine river, in west central Germany. Today it is a part of metropolitan Bonn. The town was not under Allied control until March of 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Articles of War are a set of regulations drawn up to govern the conduct of a country's military and naval forces. In the United States, the first Articles of War were drawn up by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 to govern the conduct of the Continental Army. In 1806, the first United States Congress enacted 101 Articles of War, which were not significantly revised until over a century later. The military justice system continued to operate under the Articles of War until 1951, when the Uniform Code of Military Justice went into effect. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rhine is one of the major European rivers, which has its sources in Switzerland and flows in a mostly northerly direction through Germany and the Netherlands, emptying into the North Sea. The Allies planned multiple Rhine crossings as part of their strategy to encircle and capture the Ruhr, the industrial center of western Germany, and conquer Germany. In March 1945, British and American troops successfully carried out multiple river assaults. By the end of March, all four US armies fighting in Western Europe were east of the Rhine. While the First and Ninth armies encircled the Ruhr, the Third and Seventh Armies moved into central and southern Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBonn is a city in western Germany straddling the Rhine river, about 15 miles (24 kilometers) south of Cologne. During World War II, Bonn acquired military significance because of its strategic location on the Rhine, which formed a natural barrier to easy penetration into the German heartland from the west. Bonn was largely unaffected by bombing raids until autumn of 1944. On October 18, 1944, a devastating air strike by the Allies destroyed the entire city center. Two hundred and fifty bombers also destroyed at least 700 homes and killed 400 civilians. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Bonn on March 7, 1945, and the US 1st Infantry Division captured the city during the battle of March 8-9, 1945. After the war, it was in the British zone of occupation. From 1949 to 1990 it was the provisional capital of West Germany, and it served as the seat of the German federal government from 1990 until 1999–2000, when the government completed its move to Berlin (designated the capital in 1991).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Remagen during the Allied invasion of Germany resulted in the unexpected capture of the Ludendorff Bridge (sometimes referred to as the Bridge at Remagen) over the Rhine. After capturing the Siegfried Line, the 9th Armored Division of the U.S. First Army had advanced unexpectedly quickly towards the Rhine. The Germans had either destroyed or were prepared to destroy every significant bridge. In early March 1945, the First Army approached the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, about 15 miles south of Bonn, Germany. After some fighting, the German 15th Army retreated across the bridge. German engineers attempted to blow the bridge, but their charges failed to detonate and the American troops were able to secure the critical crossing, effectively breaking open Germany’s defenses in the west. The Americans were able to make some quick repairs to the damaged bridge, allowing troops and vehicles to cross. The bridge lasted only ten days longer before collapsing under pressures of traffic and German air attack before collapsing for good on March 17. The crossing of the Rhine at Remagen, however, marked a decisive moment heralding the impending collapse of Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe North African campaign of the Second World War took place in North Africa from June 10, 1940 to May 13, 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco and Algeria, as well as Tunisia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eVolkssturm\u003c/em\u003e [German: people’s storm] was a German national militia established by the Nazi party during the last months of World War II. It was established on the orders of Adolph Hitler and conscripted all males between the ages of 16 and 60 who were not already serving in the military. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNational Geographic\u003c/em\u003e is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society, and has been published monthly since 1888. It mostly contains articles about geography, history and world culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew] or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBavarian Alps (German: Bayerische Alpen) is a summarizing term of several mountain ranges of the Northern Limestone Alps between the rivers Lech and Saalach in the German state of Bavaria. Stretching west from Germany’s remote southeastern corner to the Allgäu region near Lake Constance, the Bavarian Alps (Bayerische Alpen) form a stunningly beautiful natural divide along the Austrian border. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Smith Patton, Jr. (1885-1945) was a United States Army general, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army in Europe during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel\u003c/em\u003e was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “\u003cem\u003eSaal-Schutz\u003c/em\u003e” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “\u003cem\u003eSchutz-Staffel\u003c/em\u003e.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaderborn is a city in western Germany, named after the river Pader to its north. Allied aircraft bombed the city in 1944 and 1945, leaving much of it destroyed. The city was then seized by the US 3rd Armored Division after the Battle of Paderborn at the end of March 1945. The battle was part of the Ruhr Pocket campaign, which occurred during the Allied invasion of Germany. After the war, the city was rebuilt and is now a major industrial seat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ruhr Pocket was a battle of encirclement that began on April 1, 1945, on the Western Front in the Ruhr, the industrial center of western Germany. The battle began on April 1, 1945, when American armored divisions from the 1st and 9th Armies met at the town of Lipstadt, trapping Germany’s Army Group B inside the Ruhr. For the next two weeks, US troops repeatedly attacked into the Ruhr and the Germans began to retreat from the north side of the pocket. By April 14, the American advance had split the pocket in two and German troops began surrendering by the thousands. By April 18, 1945, the Battle of the Ruhr Pocket came to a dramatic close. In three weeks of fighting, American forces suffered 10,000 casualties including 2,000 killed or missing, while taking some 317,000 German troops prisoners. With the defeat of German forces in the Ruhr, Allied forces delivered a fatal blow to the German forces in the west. Within three weeks, the war in Europe would come to an end.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/em\u003e is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBad Harzburg is a spa town in central Germany. It lies on the northern edge of the Harz mountains and is a popular saltwater spa and climatic health resort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Dirty Dozen\u003c/em\u003e is a 1967 film about World War II, where a U.S. Army Major is assigned a dozen convicted murderers to train and lead into a mass assassination mission of German officers. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCasualty figures for the 1st Infantry Division during their participation in World War II’s European theater of operations were 15,374 wounded and 3,307 killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEugene “Gene” Bertram Krupa was an American jazz drummer, band leader and composer known for his energetic style and showmanship. His drum solo on \"Sing, Sing, Sing\" elevated the role of the drummer from an accompanying line to an important solo voice in the band. In 1943, Krupa was arrested and jailed for drugs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs American soldiers fought their way through Europe in World War II, they often collected battlefield souvenirs such as German uniforms or weapons. While this practice was accepted by the military, looting civilian property was not. Nevertheless, soldiers often found themselves stationed in or temporarily staying in homes that had been requisitioned from or otherwise abandoned by their owners and would frequently take civilian property. While property was sometimes taken as keepsakes or even out of necessity, property was also taken for profit or revenge, especially as American troops entered Germany. Although General Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) issued strict directives forbidding looting, the orders were vaguely interpretated and largely unenforced. American soldiers thus frequently shipped looted items home or carried the items back when they were discharged at the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the 84th Infantry Division advanced into Germany, its troops discovered Hannover-Anhlem (on April 10, 1945) and Salzwedel (on April 14, 1945), both satellite camps of the Neuengamme concentration camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest. Within the German Reich, prisoners of the early concentration camps were recruited for forced labor as early as 1933. From the end of 1938 on, Jews in Germany and Austria were deployed as forced laborers at a variety of municipal projects, in agriculture, mining, and industry, as well as to enlarge military infrastructure. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a chemical first synthesized in 1874 and further developed as an insecticide in 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Muller. During the second half of World War II, DDT was used to control malaria and typhus in civilians and troops. DDT was used after World War II as an agricultural insecticide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold is probably referring more to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), which was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947. The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international cooperation.  It replaced the ineffective League of Nations.  It was established in October 1945 with the intention of preventing another such world war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStars and Stripes\u003c/em\u003e is a newspaper that reports on matters affecting military service members. In World War I, it was an eight-page weekly with 526,000 readers. In World War II, it was published all over the world. It published four daily newspaper editions for the United States Armed Forces serving overseas. Some of the reporters were soldiers and some were regular journalists. It is still published today in a daily edition. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDoris Day (1922-2019) was an American actress, singer, and animal welfare activist. Day began her career as a big band singer in 1939 and went on to record more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967, including many number one hits. After starting a film career in 1948, Day became one of the biggest film stars in the 1950s–1960s era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sudetenland was an area along the border of Bohemia and Moravia near the Sudeten Mountains. The Sudetenland had a predominately German population that was incorporated into the boundaries of Czechoslovakia after World War I. The area became a major source of contention between Germany and Czechoslovakia until the Munich Conference yielded it to Germany in 1938 as an attempt at appeasing the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReims is a city in northeastern France, about 90 miles northeast of Paris. In World War II, Reims was almost completely destroyed, although its 13th century cathedral escaped damage. The act of Germany’s capitulation in World War II was signed at Reims in May 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans occupied the city of Reims, France in June 1940, they commandeered a school across the street from a train station known as the \u003cem\u003eÉcole Pratique\u003c/em\u003e [French: Practical School]. When the red bricked school had opened in 1930, it was one of the largest in France. By the 1940s, it was known as the \u003cem\u003eCollege Moderne at Technique\u003c/em\u003e [French: Modern and Technical College]. Reims was liberated by the Allies on August 30, 1940 and the building was requisitioned on October 1. By February 1945, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was using the building as the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF) and the building was nicknamed “the little red schoolhouse.” The building took on historical significance in the early morning hours of May 7, 1945, when General Alfred Jodl, commander of the Wehrmacht, and a German delegation arrived at the schoolhouse. On behalf of the German High Command, Jodl signed a document that signaled Germany’s unconditional surrender and effectively ended the Second World War in Europe. Today, the school is still open, but has been renamed the Lycee Roosevelt [Roosevelt School] in honor of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A small museum called the \u003cem\u003eMusée de la Reddition\u003c/em\u003e [French: Museum of the Surrender] is in part of the building. The room where the surrender took place, known as the “map room,” is on display and has been preserved behind glass since 1948. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBird colonel (also sometimes ‘chicken colonel’) is a World War II era military slang term that refers to the rank of a full colonel, as distinguished from a lieutenant colonel. It comes from the rank’s insignia, which bears a depiction of an eagle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA post exchange (PX) is a type of retail store found on U. S. Army military installations. It is a place for military personnel and their dependents to buy food, supplies and other needed items.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlmost immediately after the German surrender that ended World War II in Europe, a series of redeployment camps sprang up as part of a plan to redeploy American troops and supplies. Troops who did not have enough so-called points according to the Adjusted Service Rating Score were to be redeployed to the Pacific, where the war was still raging, or kept in Europe as occupation troops. For the soldiers who were to be sent to the Pacific, two systems of redeployment camps were organized. Soldiers were removed from their units, reorganized into new units and sent to the various camps to await redeployment. One system of camps known as “cigarette camps” were typically  located close to points of debarkation. These camps were named after popular cigarette brands (for example, “Camp Lucky Strike”). Another system of camps known as “city camps” were centered around Reims, where the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF) was located. The city camps were named: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Brooklyn, Chicago, Cleveland, Des Moines, Detroit, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Norfolk, Oklahoma City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, San Antonio, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C. Units being deployed to the Pacific in preparation for the invasion of Japan were to pass through the Assembly Area Command near Reims, where they gather supplies, and pack, document, and ship their own equipment. This equipment was then shipped to the Pacific area and to the United States, but it was not marked for any specific unit. The soldiers would then head to a staging area in Marseille, France and prepare for debarkation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLi'l Abner\u003c/em\u003e is a satirical American comic strip drawn by Al Capp that appeared in newspapers from 1934 to 1977. It appeared in many newspapers in the United States, Canada and Europe and featured a fictional clan of hillbillies in the impoverished mountain village of Dogpatch, USA. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlfred Gerald Caplin (1909-1979), better known as Al Capp, was an American cartoonist and humorist best known for the satirical comic strip\u003cem\u003e Li'l Abner\u003c/em\u003e, which he created in 1934 and continued writing and drawing until 1977. He also wrote the comic strips \u003cem\u003eAbbie an' Slats\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e Long Sam\u003c/em\u003e. During World War II, Capp created propaganda posters and travelled to hospitals to entertain patients. Capp was born to Jewish parents that had immigrated to the United States in the 1880s from Latvia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Adjusted Service Rating System was the system that the United States Army used at the end of World War II. In September 1944, eight months before Germany’s surrender, the War Department announced that soldiers would be demobilized based on a points system that counted length of service, overseas deployment, combat duty and parenthood. Points were also awarded for each battle served in and each decoration earned. Soldiers with 85 points of more were first in line to head home. Female military personnel needed fewer points.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eArc de Triomphe de l'Étoile\u003c/em\u003e is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France. It stands at the western end of the Champs-Elysees. It was finished in 1836 and honors those who fought and died for France in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHôtel Majestic was built by Léonard Tauber and opened in 1908 as the second hotel of what is now the Baverez group, a group of hotels owned by the same Paris family since 1900. It was located on the other side of rue La Pérouse, near the Arc de Triomphe, in the building that is now known as the Peninsula Paris. During World War I, it served as a field hospital for wounded soldiers. It was converted to government offices after being sold to the French government in 1936. During the German occupation of Paris in World War II, it served as the headquarters of the German military high command in France. After the war, it served as the headquarters of UNESCO and then was converted into a conference center. The French government sold the building in 2008 and it was reopened as the Peninsula Paris, a luxury hotel, in 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTelex refers to a network of teleprinters similar to a telephone network, used to send text-based messages. Telex was first developed in Germany in 1933 and spread around the world very rapidly. It is still in operation today but usage has mostly decline since the advent of fax and email.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeneral Lucius Dubignon Clay (1898-1978) was a senior officer of the United States Army best known for his administration of occupied Germany after World War II from 1946 to 1949. In 1945, he served as the deputy to General of the Army, Dwight D. Eisenhower.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Michael Mead (1885-1964) was an American politician from New York. A Democrat, among the offices in which he served was member of the Erie County Board of Supervisors, New York State Assembly, United States House of Representatives, and United States Senate. He was appointed to the Federal Trade Commission, which he served on from 1949 to 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold seems to be referring to the Surplus Property Board, which Congress had created in 1944 to dispose of or redistribute $90 billion of surplus war property held by the United States government at the end of World War II. It was a  three-member board under the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion. The three members were former U.S. Senator Guy Gillette, former Connecticut Governor Robert A. Hurley, and Lieutenant Colonel Edward Hellman Heller. In September 1945, it was reorganized as the Surplus Property Administration. At the time, Senator Mead was serving as the chairman of the Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program (commonly referred to as the Truman Committee), whose mission was to weed out wartime waste, corruption and inefficiency.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. Much of southern Germany fell within the American zone of occupation and included the German states of Hesse, Bavaria, and much of Baden-Wurttemberg. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, and Nürnberg. Although it was situated in the Soviet zone, the Americans also occupied the southern part of the city of Berlin. The Americans based their occupation headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1887, James Gordon Bennett, Jr. created a Paris edition of his newspaper, the \u003cem\u003eNew York Herald\u003c/em\u003e. He called it the\u003cem\u003e Paris Herald\u003c/em\u003e. In 1924, it was sold to the owners of the \u003cem\u003eNew York Tribune\u003c/em\u003e, creating the \u003cem\u003eNew York Herald Tribune\u003c/em\u003e. In 1967, it was sold again and became known as the\u003cem\u003e International Herald Tribune\u003c/em\u003e. Its main editorial team was based in Paris. In 2013, the New York Times, which had become sole owner, removed the name from its masthead and the Paris offices were closed in 2016. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, the \u003cem\u003eBrichah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: “escape” or “flight”] was an underground effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape to what was then the British Mandate for Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British Army, along with operatives from the \u003cem\u003eHagana\u003c/em\u003e (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine) helped to smuggled as many displaced Jewish persons as possible into Palestine through Italy. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee funded them. \u003cem\u003eBrichah\u003c/em\u003e helped about 250,000 survivors in Eastern Europe get into Austria, Germany and Italy and then on to Palestine through elaborate smuggling networks. \u003cem\u003eBrichah\u003c/em\u003e ended when Israel became independent. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation throughout occupied Europe, partisans banded together to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Germans. Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. A large group of partisans hid in a forest near the Lithuanian capital of Vilna. They were able to derail hundreds of trains and kill over 3,000 German soldiers. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBert Lewyn (1923-2016) was born Dagobert Lewin in Berlin, Germany. In 1942, Lewyn was sent to work in the Gustav Genschow and Co., Weapons Factory in Berlin. Much later, he learned his parents were murdered at the Trawniki concentration camp. He was enslaved at the factory until 1943, when he escaped and went into hiding until the end of the war. Lewyn stayed in the Feldafing displaced persons camp with his aunt, Riva Gutman until 1949, when his great aunt Sarah Hene and great uncle Rabbi Tobias Geffen sponsored his emigration to Atlanta, Georgia. In Atlanta, he started the Lewyn Machinery Company and married Esther Sloan in 1951. They had five children. Lewyn wrote his memoir On the Run in Nazi Berlin (2001) with the help of his daughter-in-law, Bev Saltzman Lewyn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold’s cousin, Rella Solski was in the Gauting Sanitorium, in southwestern Munich, Germany, where she was recovering from Tuberculosis. Her mother, Dinah Olkinitski Saul, and younger brother, Charlie Solski, were in the St. Ottilien’s Displaced Persons Camp, a camp that operated from April 1945 until May 1948 in a former Benedictine monastery near Landsberg, which is west of Munich. Some 5,000 people recuperated at the hospital and camp set up there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It can usually be cured with antibiotics but before they were discovered in the 1940’s tuberculosis was the single most common cause of death in the United States. Today it is still a killer, causing about 3 million deaths around the world yearly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the conclusion of World War II, most of eastern and central Europe were occupied by the Soviets and soon found themselves with Communist governments. When many of the liberated Eastern European Jewish survivors returned home, they often also encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. A surge of Jewish survivors and refugees thus flooded into the western Allies’ zones in Western Europe, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime. As relations between the former allies became increasingly polarized and tense, crossing the borders of occupation zones became increasingly difficult. Czechoslovakia’s proximity to the western Allies’ zones and a complex political climate that was still not formally within the Soviet orbit made it possible for refugees fleeing the Soviet Union to make it to the west.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhile in the DP camp in Munich, Germany, Rella met and married Bernard Sloman, a survivor from Bialystok, Poland. Bernard had an uncle in Palestine who suggested they should go to the United States instead and seems to have been responsible for contacting family in the United States. With the help of their family, Rella and Bernard immigrated to the United States in 1951, opened the Dixie Hills Supermarket and raised three sons in Atlanta. Rella’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’ Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmong other documents required to receive an immigration visa for the United States, applicants needed a medical clearance letter from a doctor, attesting that they had no serious medical conditions that would prevent the applicant from being able to support themselves. After arrival in the United States, immigrants then went through physical examinations. Officials from the Public Health Service could deny entry to anyone who had a communicable disease such as tuberculous.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, opportunities for legal immigration to the United States remained limited. Although restrictions were loosened to allow more displaced persons to obtain visas, it was still necessary to have a guarantor—someone who would be responsible for ensuring an immigrant didn’t become a public charge.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tiananmen Square protests were a series of student-led protests and demonstrations calling for democracy, free speech and a free press in China. Although demonstrations occurred in cities throughout the country in the spring of 1989, the events in Beijing came to symbolize the entire movement. On June 4 and 5, 1989, the Chinese government halted the demonstration in a bloody crackdown, known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre. Military units were brought in and unarmed protesters and onlookers were killed en masse. There is no official death toll.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states (as of 2021) that are located primarily in Europe. It was founded in 1993 after the Maastricht Treaty came into force. Nineteen of its member states use the euro, its official currency.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly referred to as “Brookwood Station,” Peachtree Station was built between Buckhead and Midtown in 1918 as a suburban stop for the Southern Railway, originally serving 21 trains daily. Designed by architect Neel Reid, the Italian Renaissance-style station features Palladian windows and classical elements including pilasters and a molded entablature. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the ‘G.I. Bill,’ was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It provides low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as educational assistance to service members, veterans, and their dependents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJane Betty Zion Yudelson (1926-2015) was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey and grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She received a BFA in Painting from the University of Pennsylvania and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (1791-1824) was an influential French painter and lithographer, whose best-known painting is The Raft of the Medusa. Although he died young, he was one of the pioneers of the Romantic movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pennsylvania State University, commonly called Penn State, is a public research university founded in 1855. Today it has campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Its main campus is located in University Park, Pennsylvania, about midway between Philadelphia and Pittsburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is a museum and art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1805 and is the first and oldest art museum and art school in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCallaway Gardens is a 6,500-acre resort complex located in Pine Mountain, Georgia, just outside Columbus, Georgia. Cason J. and Virginia Hand Callaway to promote and protect native azalea species founded Callaway Gardens in 1952. It is owned and operated by the non-profit Ida Carson Callaway Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the United States, training for non-rated offers was needed to relieve flying officers of their nonflying duties during the wartime expansion of the Air Corps and the Army Air Forces. The Officer Candidate School began as a 12-week course, but it expanded to 16 weeks in 1943. It also began as a uniform program for all officer candidates, but after 1943 the last phase of training was divided into specialized training for adjutants and personnel officers, as well as supply, mess, intelligence, guard company, and training officers. Later, it expanded to include physical training and technical officers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the Ardennes Offensive (December 16, 1944 through January 25, 1945), the Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes mountain region in Belgium. Hitler threw everything he had into trying to drive the Allies back and stopping their advance out of Normandy, France. The Germans achieved nearly complete surprise during a period of heavy overcast weather, which grounded the Allies’ air forces. The Germans nearly broke through (“the Bulge”) the Allied lines. Nearly 19,000 Allied troops were killed and 62,000 wounded and 26,000 missing or captured. The Germans suffered nearly 85,000 casualties before they were pushed back. It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican television journalist and author, Tom Brokaw, wrote \u003cem\u003eThe Greatest Generation\u003c/em\u003e (1998), which chronicles the story of D-Day (the Allied invasion of France in June, 1944) through the words and stories of individual men and women. As a result, “the greatest generation” is mentioned often in discussion of American soldiers in World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Allied Powers, also called Allies, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Allies promoted the alliance as a means to defeat German, Japanese and Italian aggression. The chief allied powers were Great Britain, France (except during the German occupation of 1940-1944), the Soviet Union (after its entry in June 1941), the United States (after its entry in 1941), and China. The Allies also included Australia, Canada, and generally all the signatories to the Declaration of the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States home front during World War II supported the war effort in many ways, including a wide range of volunteer efforts and submitting to government-managed rationing and price controls. There was a general feeling of agreement that the sacrifices were for the national good during the war. Millions of women entered the workforce to replace men who had left for war, bringing about vast social transformation. To raise enough raw materials for the war effort, items such as gasoline and rubber were rationed. Drives by various community organizations collected scrap metal, rubber, and clothing to be used toward the war effort. Rotating blackouts conserved fuel, which was needed overseas. Many consumer goods were no longer produced as factories focused their efforts on war materials. Victory gardens produced millions of tons of food.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War began when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. American troops entered the war in defense of the Republic of Korea to the south against the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, when an armistice agreement was signed maintaining a border between the Koreas near the 38th Parallel and creating the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Korean nations that still exists today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1, 1955 to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. This war fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43538/file/116530/annotation_set/524/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Iraq War, also called the Second Persian Gulf War, (2003-2011) was a protracted armed conflict in Iraq that consisted of two phases. The first of these was a brief, conventionally fought war in March-April 2003. A United States-led force of troops from the U.S., Great Britain and several other countries invaded Iraq and overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. This was followed by a longer second phase in which the U.S-led occupation of Iraq was opposed by an insurgency. 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