{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/028pc2vk6m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gilmer, Helen"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1989-05-23 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Gilmer, Helen (Interviewee)","Martino, Erna Dziewienski (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHelen Gilmer was interviewed by Erna Dziewienski Martino on May 23, 1989, in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eChaja “Helen” Niegniewicka Gilimowicz “Gilmer” was born in Karelichy in the territory of Vilna, then part of Poland. She was the second child born to Yitchak Josef and Chana Sarah Kiwelewich Niegniewicki. She had four sisters, Eshka, Doba, Rivka, and Gitel, and one brother, Avraham. Helen recalls a normal childhood, coexisting with non-Jews and growing up comfortably despite Soviet occupation. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust greatly impacted Helen’s life, the Nazi regime completely upheaved her life and her family was forced to live in the Karelichy ghetto. Her family managed to survive and stay together when they were moved to the Novogrudok ghetto until Helen and her younger sister were separated from the rest of their family. All of Helen’s siblings and her parents were murdered in Novogrudok. Her sister was killed attempting to escape. Helen managed to escape by hiding in trees and riverbeds. She became a partisan working with the Bielski Brigade, where she became a guard, protecting their camp. While working with the Bielski Brigade, she met a fellow partisan, Chaim \"John\" Gilimowicz “Gilmer”. Helen and John would marry in 1945 and lived in various displaced persons camps in Europe with their daughter, Carol Gilmer Draisen who was born in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1949, the couple learned that John had relatives in Atlanta, Georgia, and could finally emigrate and settle in the United States. In Atlanta, Helen and John had two more children, Steve Gilmer and Marsha Gilmer Strazynski. They joined Congregation Beth Jacob where they remained members until their deaths. John passed away in 1977. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen often shared her experiences and story of survival, including being interviewed by William B. Helmreich for his book Against All Odds: Holocaust Survivors and the Successful Lives They Made in America. She also gave a collection of family photographs and genealogical information to the Breman Museum. Helen passed away in June 2000 and is buried at Crest Lawn Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Helen’s experience during the Holocaust and how she and her husband eventually settled in Atlanta. Helen begins by recounting her youth, she shares where and when she was born. She provides her siblings' names and talks about what her father did for a living. She describes what it was like growing up Jewish and having non-Jewish friends. She recalls how antisemitism began to grow with the invasion of the Germans and talks about life before the Germans invaded, under Soviet occupation. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eShe details what it was like when the Germans invaded and how they began forcing Jewish people into ghettos, forced them to work, and sent away the young men to be murdered. She talks about people from her town being sent away to the ghetto in Novogrudok. She discusses working in the ghetto and sending her youngest sister, who was only 10 years old, to work. She describes going with her family to a labor camp in 1942 to survive when they began killing people in the ghetto. She shares that she and her younger sister were not admitted into the labor camp because other people had bought their way into the camp and there was no more room. She recalls hiding in an attic with her sister while her mother and sister snuck over the fence of the camp where her father and another sister were. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen recounts how she attempted to reunite with her family by running from the place she was hiding with her sister. While running she was caught by a police officer. She remembers that he told her that he was bringing her to the police station where they gathered Jewish people and once they had enough they took to a field and killed them. Helen describes asking the officer to let her go to be with her family in the labor camp. The officer agreed and Helen shares that she also asked him to reunite her with her sister, which he did. She describes living in the labor camp and having to lie about her family so they did not separate them. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, Helen shares that after a few months in the labor camp, her family was separated. Her parents and siblings were sent back to the ghetto they first came from, where they were murdered. Helen describes attempting to escape with her sisters, who were caught. Helen details her escape, describing it as “God’s will.” Helen explains that she hid in trees and riverbeds until she joined a partisan group. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen discusses how she lived as a partisan, begging for food and living in the forest. She talks about her job in the camp, guarding the walls with two others to ensure no outsiders came in. Helen shares that she met her husband, John, there, and his job was to go into occupied territory to retrieve food. She discusses some of the activities and acts of resistance the partisans participated in. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen is asked if the partisans knew about the Holocaust in concentration camps as it was happening, she explains that the only information they had came from the newspaper and radio. Helen talks about the Red Army coming into the Naliboki forest and telling them that they had been liberated. Helen shares what she witnessed when she returned to her hometown and the struggle of her husband being taken into the Red Army. She recounts that all the remaining survivors returned to Poland but she remained, waiting for her husband. She shares that eventually she bought fake papers and got her husband out of the army. She reflects on their time in various displaced persons (D.P.) camps in Europe, she describes it as an overall pleasant experience because they were guided by Israelis and they always had a place to sleep and food to eat. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen shares how she found out about concentration camps and others’ Holocaust experiences from survivors also living in the D.P. camps. Helen expresses that because they did not have any surviving relatives that they knew of, they could not emigrate anywhere. Eventually, Helen shares that they found out that John had relatives in Atlanta, Georgia and they were able to move there with their 18-month-old daughter. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen discusses the struggle of not knowing anyone else from the area she grew up in to discuss her war experiences. She shares her feelings about being a Holocaust survivor and being proud of being Jewish. Helen talks about receiving war reparations after being prompted by friends and family to apply for them. Helen reflects on how the Holocaust has impacted her life, including the nightmares she and John have about it. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen talks about her life in Atlanta, living with relatives, learning English, and her husband’s career. Helen is asked if she thinks another Holocaust could happen and she says yes. The interview concludes with Helen expressing the importance of the State of Israel and its advocation for the Jewish people. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["“Gilmer”, Chaim \"John\" Gilimowicz (1922-1977) (personal name)","Martino, Erna Dziewienski (b. 1946) (personal name)","Menaker, Eshka Niegniewicka (approx. 1918-1942) (personal name)","Niegniewicki, Avraham (approx. 1928-1941) (personal name)","Niegniewicka, Doba (approx. 1924-1942) (personal name)","Niegniewicka, Gitel (approx. 1930-1942) (personal name)","Niegniewicka, Rivka (approx. 1925-1941) (personal name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Austria (geographic term)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Lodz [Polish: Łódź], Poland (geographic term)","Mir, Belarus (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Nalibaki or Naliboki, Belarus (geographic term)","Naliboki Forest (Belarusian: Nalibotskaya Pushcha, Russian: Nalibokskaya Pushcha) (geographic term)","Novogrudok, Belarus (also known as Navahrudak, Nowogródek, and Naugardukas) (geographic term)","Novogrudok Ghetto (geographic term)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","Vilnius, Lithuania (also known as Vilna) (geographic term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Communism (topical term)","The Holocaust (named event)","World War II (named event)","American occupied zones (other)","The Bielski partisans (other)","Concentration camps (other)","Displaced persons (D.P.) camps (other)","Gendarmerie (sometimes also “Gendarmes”) (other)","Judenrat (plural: Judenräte) (other)","Labor camps (other)","National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) (Nazi Party) (other)","Orthodox Judaism (other)","Partisans (other)","Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (other)","Red Army (other)","Shabbat (other)","War reparations (other)","Yom Tov (other)","Zionism (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHelen Gilmer was interviewed by Erna Dziewienski Martino on May 23, 1989, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChaja \u0026ldquo;Helen\u0026rdquo; Niegniewicka Gilimowicz \u0026ldquo;Gilmer\u0026rdquo; was born in Karelichy in the territory of Vilna, then part of Poland. She was the second child born to Yitchak Josef and Chana Sarah Kiwelewich Niegniewicki. She had four sisters, Eshka, Doba, Rivka, and Gitel, and one brother, Avraham. Helen recalls a normal childhood, coexisting with non-Jews and growing up comfortably despite Soviet occupation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust greatly impacted Helen\u0026rsquo;s life, the Nazi regime completely upheaved her life and her family was forced to live in the Karelichy ghetto. Her family managed to survive and stay together when they were moved to the Novogrudok ghetto until Helen and her younger sister were separated from the rest of their family. All of Helen\u0026rsquo;s siblings and her parents were murdered in Novogrudok. Her sister was killed attempting to escape. Helen managed to escape by hiding in trees and riverbeds. She became a partisan working with the Bielski Brigade, where she became a guard, protecting their camp. While working with the Bielski Brigade, she met a fellow partisan, Chaim \"John\" Gilimowicz \u0026ldquo;Gilmer\u0026rdquo;. Helen and John would marry in 1945 and lived in various displaced persons camps in Europe with their daughter, Carol Gilmer Draisen who was born in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1949, the couple learned that John had relatives in Atlanta, Georgia, and could finally emigrate and settle in the United States. In Atlanta, Helen and John had two more children, Steve Gilmer and Marsha Gilmer Strazynski. They joined Congregation Beth Jacob where they remained members until their deaths. John passed away in 1977.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen often shared her experiences and story of survival, including being interviewed by William B. Helmreich for his book Against All Odds: Holocaust Survivors and the Successful Lives They Made in America. She also gave a collection of family photographs and genealogical information to the Breman Museum. Helen passed away in June 2000 and is buried at Crest Lawn Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Helen\u0026rsquo;s experience during the Holocaust and how she and her husband eventually settled in Atlanta. Helen begins by recounting her youth, she shares where and when she was born. She provides her siblings' names and talks about what her father did for a living. She describes what it was like growing up Jewish and having non-Jewish friends. She recalls how antisemitism began to grow with the invasion of the Germans and talks about life before the Germans invaded, under Soviet occupation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eShe details what it was like when the Germans invaded and how they began forcing Jewish people into ghettos, forced them to work, and sent away the young men to be murdered. She talks about people from her town being sent away to the ghetto in Novogrudok. She discusses working in the ghetto and sending her youngest sister, who was only 10 years old, to work. She describes going with her family to a labor camp in 1942 to survive when they began killing people in the ghetto. She shares that she and her younger sister were not admitted into the labor camp because other people had bought their way into the camp and there was no more room. She recalls hiding in an attic with her sister while her mother and sister snuck over the fence of the camp where her father and another sister were.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen recounts how she attempted to reunite with her family by running from the place she was hiding with her sister. While running she was caught by a police officer. She remembers that he told her that he was bringing her to the police station where they gathered Jewish people and once they had enough they took to a field and killed them. Helen describes asking the officer to let her go to be with her family in the labor camp. The officer agreed and Helen shares that she also asked him to reunite her with her sister, which he did. She describes living in the labor camp and having to lie about her family so they did not separate them.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, Helen shares that after a few months in the labor camp, her family was separated. Her parents and siblings were sent back to the ghetto they first came from, where they were murdered. Helen describes attempting to escape with her sisters, who were caught. Helen details her escape, describing it as \u0026ldquo;God\u0026rsquo;s will.\u0026rdquo; Helen explains that she hid in trees and riverbeds until she joined a partisan group.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen discusses how she lived as a partisan, begging for food and living in the forest. She talks about her job in the camp, guarding the walls with two others to ensure no outsiders came in. Helen shares that she met her husband, John, there, and his job was to go into occupied territory to retrieve food. She discusses some of the activities and acts of resistance the partisans participated in.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen is asked if the partisans knew about the Holocaust in concentration camps as it was happening, she explains that the only information they had came from the newspaper and radio. Helen talks about the Red Army coming into the Naliboki forest and telling them that they had been liberated. Helen shares what she witnessed when she returned to her hometown and the struggle of her husband being taken into the Red Army. She recounts that all the remaining survivors returned to Poland but she remained, waiting for her husband. She shares that eventually she bought fake papers and got her husband out of the army. She reflects on their time in various displaced persons (D.P.) camps in Europe, she describes it as an overall pleasant experience because they were guided by Israelis and they always had a place to sleep and food to eat.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen shares how she found out about concentration camps and others\u0026rsquo; Holocaust experiences from survivors also living in the D.P. camps. Helen expresses that because they did not have any surviving relatives that they knew of, they could not emigrate anywhere. Eventually, Helen shares that they found out that John had relatives in Atlanta, Georgia and they were able to move there with their 18-month-old daughter.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen discusses the struggle of not knowing anyone else from the area she grew up in to discuss her war experiences. She shares her feelings about being a Holocaust survivor and being proud of being Jewish. Helen talks about receiving war reparations after being prompted by friends and family to apply for them. Helen reflects on how the Holocaust has impacted her life, including the nightmares she and John have about it.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen talks about her life in Atlanta, living with relatives, learning English, and her husband\u0026rsquo;s career. Helen is asked if she thinks another Holocaust could happen and she says yes. The interview concludes with Helen expressing the importance of the State of Israel and its advocation for the Jewish people.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Gilmer__Helen.mp3"]},"duration":3214.8898,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/242/856/original/Gilmer__Helen.mp3?1718820228","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":3214.8898,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gilmer, Helen [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: . . . Erna Dziewienski Martino in Atlanta, Georgia on May 23, 1989. We\nare taping a survivor of the Holocaust this evening. What is your name and where\ndo you live?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=0.0,16.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: My name is Chaja. I live in Atlanta, Georgia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=16.0,21.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: When were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=21.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: 1922.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=23.0,24.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Tell me a little bit about where you were born. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=24.0,29.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGILMER: I was born by Russia in the territory of Vilna.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=29.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Tell me about your family. How many children? Who all lived in your house?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=38.0,51.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: In our family there was six children and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=51.0,59.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nour parents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=59.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Can you give me the children's names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=61.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Eshka, then there was me, Doba, Rivka, Avraham, and Gitel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=69.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What did your father do for a living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=80.0,89.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=89.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSmall business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=90.0,91.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What kind of business?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=91.0,94.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: [indistinct: 1:39 possibly 'It was [a] farm'] business. We had guns and\nwe used to raise chickens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=94.0,106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: And sold them? What kind of a school did you go to as a little girl?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=106.0,117.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: First, I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=117.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto [indistinct: 2:01] public school, then when the Russians came in when I was\nin high school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=120.0,130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Was it a non-Jewish school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=130.0,134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=134.0,135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Can you describe for me what shabbes or Yom Tov was like in your house?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=135.0,145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: It was very Orthodox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=145.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Very Orthodox. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=148.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou observed shabbes, the Sabbath? Did you have Jewish and non-Jewish friends?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=150.0,162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: We were based in a mixed neighborhood. We had Christian friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=162.0,174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Was there a difference ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=174.0,179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbetween the Jewish and the non-Jewish friends?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=179.0,183.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No. They were Christian, we were Jews, and we didn't discuss religion,\nbut they were very friendly . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=183.0,195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did you go to their homes after school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=195.0,200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes, sometimes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=200.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How was life for you, generally speaking?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=202.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Good and normal, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=207.0,209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nit was [indistinct: 3:34] little place. It was that way . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=209.0,216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You were comfortable as Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=216.0,219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=219.0,220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: And comfortable living there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=220.0,223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=223.0,224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Describe for me how your life began to change, and maybe tell us how\nold you were when the Nazis came.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=224.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: I was about twenty year old ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=236.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand our friends going to be enemies. Same friends, we went to school together\nand play together. They came to rob us and beat us up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=240.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You were still living at home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=255.0,259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes. The Germans marched in . . . it was 19 . . . was it 41? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=259.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYes, 1941. September 1941.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=270.0,273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Right, you were about 19 years old. You said that your friends started\nbeating you up, they turned against you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=273.0,287.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=287.0,288.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How did things change otherwise in your life? Were you still in school\nat that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=288.0,299.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=299.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBefore the Germans came in, we had another leader, the Russians came in 1939 and\nour lives changed too at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=300.0,313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Tell me how.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=313.0,315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: You watch this community be changed the way it was in Russia. Everything\nwhat was before, it changed. They started communist regime. They took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=315.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\naway business, and everybody had to work for the government. Matter of fact, I\nworked too for the government, I worked in an office. [interview pauses, then\nresumes] Just like I said, they took away all the business and they took away\nthe houses from people. A lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof houses they took away, the small houses, they let stay, the Jewish people\nespecially. We did live like that peacefully until the Germans came in. The\nRussians didn't kill nobody, they were very nice and friendly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=360.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did you have any idea when the Germans were coming in? Did you have any\nidea of making ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=380.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nplans, any kind of plans because the Germans were coming?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=390.0,396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes. Everybody was running, they knew the Germans were coming. We tried\nto warn the Russians, but the Germans [were] ahead of us. Everybody had to pack\njust a few, kept them going. A lot of our people got killed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=396.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\non the road, on the way. Actually, very few survived [indistinct: 7:08] and the\nrest of us are going back because it was no place to go. The Germans [were]\nahead of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=420.0,437.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: When the Germans came in 1942, we're talking about? No? 1941, I'm\nsorry. What kind of orders did they issue? What changes did they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=437.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmake when they came in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=450.0,454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: In our home, it was a period of . . . a very big period. Because the\nRussians came in a couple months later. The Russians established this government\na couple of months later and then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=454.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin other places, [indistinct: 8:04 possibly 'they were partly already in']\nRussia. They took away half of the Russians, then a group of Germans,\n[indistinct: 8:12] gendarmes came, and they established a government. But before\nthey came in, it was a [indistinct: 8:20] because the Christian people was\nkilling us every day. It was no government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=480.0,505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: There was no order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=505.0,507.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No order at all. Whatever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=507.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthey wanted to do to us, they did it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=510.0,513.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Actually, when the Germans came in, they made order?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=513.0,517.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: They made order, but it was no good. [indistinct: 8:40 possibly 'it was\nno good to be there'] MARTINO: Why was it no good? What did they start to do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=517.0,529.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: They put, from beginning, they put everybody to work. It was work to\nbuild bridges and in the fields, because they took away everything. It was work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=529.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow two weeks later, after they established a government, it came in from the\nnext town which there was an army already, came in a lot of Germans and they\ncalled all the men, in the market, we called it . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=540.0,565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: The market square.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=565.0,567.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Square, market square. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=567.0,569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThey lined up all the people. I was not there, but they said everybody should\nshow up and everybody did. Because they didn't know what it's all about. They\npicked out . . . 20. The smartest and the best looking, and they locked them up\nin the synagogues. They kept them just like that, without food, without water,\nwithout anything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=569.0,599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na couple days. Then they took them, somebody said they take them to work, and we\nnever heard a word from them. They killed them, but nobody never knew where they\nwere killed. They just took them out of the town. Then later they made a ghetto,\nin a small territory they combined all the Jewish people. There was hardly room\nenough for nobody, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=599.0,629.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbut it was no killing. We heard already . . . In our hometown [there] was no\nkilling. We heard already that town was killing, and that town was [indistinct\n10:41]. Our people used to say, \"Oh, there the Jews didn't obey.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=629.0,647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: They didn't listen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=647.0,649.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: They didn't listen. But in our hometown, there was never a killing\nbecause the oldest of the gendarme was a middle aged man, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=649.0,659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhe was not a youngster, and he was a good person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=659.0,664.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: When you say gendarme, you mean a German soldier?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=664.0,669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes [indistinct: 11:07]. Somehow, we did live in that ghetto. It was not\ngood, but nobody hardly got killed. We used to go to work, it was a Judenrat . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=669.0,685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: A Jewish Council.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=685.0,687.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Which organized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=687.0,688.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhere who should go to work, and what kind of place. That was through the\nwinter, they came in in the fall in the ghetto. In early spring, it was our\norder from the Germans to . . . really to kill the children and the old people,\nand the strong and the young to send ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=688.0,718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto Novogrudok [Belarus] and up there they made up a ghetto, and we had to work\nup there. But our German man, he didn't kill nobody. He organized that the\nChristian people should come with the horses and things and put the old people\nand the children on the things and transport ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=718.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthem to Novogrudok.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=748.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Instead of killing them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=749.0,751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes, he didn't kill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=751.0,753.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: He sent them to the other ghetto?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=753.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=756.0,757.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You were in this ghetto? This was which ghetto? What was the name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=757.0,762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Novogrudok.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=762.0,763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: No, where you were . . . the first ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=763.0,767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: It was ghetto in our hometown, Karelichy [Belarus].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=767.0,770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Karelichy. You were there with your whole family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=770.0,773.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=773.0,774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Your parents, and brothers, and sisters, together. You stayed together\nas a family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=774.0,779.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=779.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: And went from there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=780.0,782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n. . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=782.0,783.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Novogrudok.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=783.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: To Novogrudok.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=784.0,785.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: We came to Novogrudok, it was a great big ghetto, and it was not only\nfrom our hometown came there, from the whole of boot camp. We would walk from\nall the little towns . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=785.0,803.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Surrounding area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=803.0,804.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: They sent the Jewish people to Novogrudok. We'd been there about three\nmonths and then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=804.0,811.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthey made a killing. In Novogrudok, before the killing, a lot of people got\nkilled. But then they smelled already in the air that it's going to happen. All\nour family went to work because mother and father still was young, and the\nchildren. Even the little girl, which was ten year old, we used to take her\nevery day to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=811.0,838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: The youngest sister was ten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=838.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=841.0,842.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMARTINO: The oldest one in the family was how old?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=842.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: The oldest was . . . She was not the oldest, she was married before the\nwar, in the town [indistinct: 14:12 possibly 'Mir' [Belarus]].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=846.0,857.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You were the oldest one with the family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=857.0,861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: I was the oldest, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=861.0,864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You said the killing that happened, was what? The summer of 1942?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=864.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes, 1942, in the summer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=870.0,873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSince we knew it's going to happen, we hide our children, everybody to be away\nfrom the ghetto because in ghetto, [indistinct: 14:41] it was so many people. I\ndon't know how many people they killed at that time and our family survived the\n[indistinct: 14:55] because before the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=873.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nkilling, my sister next to me find out there's going to be the killing and told\nour friend [indistinct: 15:12 possibly 'Helga'] to establish her work in the\nlabor camp where they put survivors. It was a camp for survivors, they prepare\nit before. She went to work there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=903.0,933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand my brother and my father. They knew that they're going to survive. Me and\nanother sister, we survive too but we didn't have the luck. The foreman which we\nwas working [for], he picked out some good workers too. People, such as young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=933.0,963.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchildren, teenagers. When he was . . . he took us to the lives ones which were\nsupposed to survive, and they didn't let us in. This was in the afternoon\nalready [indistinct: 16:15] was in daytime, and he locked us in a barn to take\nus there. In the afternoon, he came and took us, and he took us up there to the\nlive people. Our places was few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=963.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbecause people which had money, they paid the guard and they let them in,\ninstead of us. When we came . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=993.0,1002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: There was no more room?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1002.0,1004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Not only us, but it was a lot of people from us. The other people . . .\nThey took us, they passed us all through the ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1004.0,1016.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Back to where you came from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1016.0,1019.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Back to the ghetto. On the day, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1019.0,1022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nas typically, we're not going to ghetto. We went to the place where he was\nworking, [indistinct: 17:10] was known to us, but is bad. We went up to the\nattic to hide and see what's going to happen. We stayed there for four days,\nwithout water and without food ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1022.0,1052.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand we couldn't get in touch with nobody to find out. My mother and my baby\nsister, when she was a baby, would hide in the daytime. They [were] scared to go\nto ghetto too. They marched where my father and my sister were, and my father\ntold them, \"Come in.\" He took off his coat from him threw it on the wires, and pulled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1052.0,1082.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthem over . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1082.0,1084.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Over the fence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1084.0,1086.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Over the fence, like that, so it was already all of them except us two.\nBecause they [were] already mourning after us because . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1086.0,1098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: They didn't know what happened to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1098.0,1102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: After four days, we couldn't get in touch with nobody, so I said,\n\"Gitel, I'm going to go out.\" Why should ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1102.0,1112.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwe both risk? Maybe I can survive, maybe you can survive. If they catch one,\nthey're not going to catch the other one. I ran out. I had a lot of hardship, a\ncouple days. Then, I met a Christian lady, and she told me that nobody goes to\nwork here. It is survivors, but the only one who go to work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1112.0,1142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nare the doctors, from the survivors. The Jewish doctors were going to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1142.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: [Indistinct: 19:09] GILMER: She said, \"Wait until tomorrow. I'll tell\nyou. I'll find out what's going on.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1149.0,1158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Where did you stay then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1158.0,1161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Wherever I could hide. Next day, when I went to see her, children,\nChristian children saw me and they start ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1161.0,1172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto scream, \"Police! Police! A Jewish person is here!\" There came a policeman, I\nwas running but he called after me. I heard, \"Stop.\" I stop, and I was walking\nwith him, and when I came to myself, I ask him, \"Where do you take me?\" He said,\n\"In the police station.\" I said, \"What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1172.0,1202.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nare you going to do with me?\" He answered me that they catch a lot like me,\nwhich was hiding, and they get enough, 100, 150 people then they take them to\nthe ditches.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1202.0,1217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: To shoot them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1217.0,1219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: I told him this, \"My parents [indistinct: 20:21] in the labor camp and\nI'm so young, I want to live. If you had a friend with you, you wouldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1219.0,1232.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbe able to do this, but you are by yourself. You don't have nobody, take me up\nthere. Let me live.\" He was such a good person, he did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1232.0,1244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: This was a German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1244.0,1246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No, a Christian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1246.0,1248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: When you say a Christian . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1248.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: He was a policeman. He was a policeman for the Germans. A German\npoliceman. The Germans, they didn't do everything themselves, but they mobilized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1252.0,1262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe Christian people to help them, they went themselves to help them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1262.0,1268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What nationality was he?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1268.0,1270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: I don't know, a Christian [indistinct: 21:14] that's all I know. Because\nI [indistinct: 21:16]. On the way, when I saw Vilna, he take me up there, I told\nhim about my sister. I said, \"Down there is my sister.\" He went and brought her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1270.0,1292.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMARTINO: Brought her to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1292.0,1295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes, he did. It was at the time when the German who was in charge of the\nlabor camp, he wanted to have a list of names, so they put everybody out to tell\ntheir names. Who we belong [with], how many is in our family. The neighbors which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1295.0,1322.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI stayed next [to], they said, \"Don't say that you are a big family. Say that\nyou are only one. Give somebody else's name.\" I did. I said, \"That man is my\nhusband.\" He was an old man, I had to say something. That German had a stick in\nhis hand, and he hit me over the head. He said, \"Say that he is your father! Not\nyour husband!\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1322.0,1352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe'd been there in that labor camp, I was there until March, but at that time,\nwe used to hear rumors that there's partisans everywhere. Our Jewish people used\nto run away. How was there and what was there, I didn't know, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1352.0,1382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand we didn't . . . Mostly, if anybody go there already and they had sisters or\nbrothers, they used to take them over. I didn't have nobody to take me. We heard\nthis as well, that if somebody don't have no relatives, they couldn't survive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1382.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What was it? Just you and your sister?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1404.0,1408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: After living there for a couple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1408.0,1411.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmonths, they divided our family. My father and mother and my brother and my\nsister, which I survived together, Gitel, they sent away in the ghetto from\nwhere we came from beginning [indistinct: 23:48 possibly 'Karelichy'].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1411.0,1428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: They sent them back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1428.0,1430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes, they organized up there a ghetto. In order to get to there, they\nused to go to work in town, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1430.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfrom our place, we didn't go nowhere, we worked right there. [indistinct:\npossibly 24:05] so was my sister. My little girl, my little sister, when it was\ntime to divide, she hide herself so nobody knew where she is. She said, \"I'm not\ngoing from here.\" I was left and my sister next to me, my baby sister. In\nDecember, I think it was in December ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n. . . They killed everybody from Novogrudok. They came in middle of the night,\nand they took them out to the ditches, and they killed them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1470.0,1479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: In the ghetto?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1479.0,1480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: From the ghetto they took them out to the ditches in the middle of the\nnight. It was winter, there's big snow and we heard about it. We'd been told\nbetween the children, me and my sister, at least . . . If [we'd] so be getting\nkilled at least one survivor should be able to get out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1480.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere should just be somebody to remember. But nobody . . . I never knew it's\ngoing to be me. In March 15, the sun was already shining, and I knew we were\ngoing to get killed and it was such a beautiful world. We decided ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto try to go out from the wires. To try . . . If they going to kill us in wires,\nthey're going to kill us, but not altogether. Just one at a time. If we're going\nto go out, and we're going to be far away then the other one should go out, then\nthe third one. But it didn't work out this way and we made places where to meet.\nWe went first and I was so happy they went first. Fortunately, my baby sister\nwent out first, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand when she went out two of them was following her and she was happy that she\ngot company. But because of the other children, she got caught. Because the\nChristian people knew the other children. My sister could survive because she\nspoke . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1560.0,1584.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: [Indistinct: 26:24] GILMER: . . . Plain Russian language. They caught ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1584.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nboth sisters on the road and I ran away. I went out and I never saw them, my\nbaby sister be killed. Because of the other children and my sister next to me,\nthe girl she didn't not know that you cannot cross a bridge after 5:00 and it\nwas after 5:00. After 5:00 they put the guards standing on the bridges, so they\nkilled her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhen I went out, I went to the fields. I was careful of people's eyes. I went\nand went and went. In one place, the police was after me but miraculously I\nescape. That was God's will. Because when I tell people how I survive, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nit's hard to believe. A little pine tree, when I saw the police after me, a\nlittle pine tree was by me. It was . . . far away was forest but I would never\nmake it, so I looked up to hide. I jumped to the tree and there was a place for\nme. It was March with some warm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndaytime, in the afternoon, it was less water in the river, it was washed out.\nThe top was ice, but it was empty. I laid under ice, and they never got me. Then\nI went, the people told me that farther and farther, you will find . . . the\npolice never will see you because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nup there was already cleared, the territory from the Germans . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1710.0,1716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: There were no German soldiers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1716.0,1719.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No. No soldiers, no police. The partisans cleared out the territory from\npolice stations, they used to come at night and kill them all. It was . . . They\ntook it over. The Christian people told me that there in there is some Jewish people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1719.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n. . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1740.0,1741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Hiding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1741.0,1742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Hiding. It took me two weeks, but I did get together with them. We did\nlive just in the woods. It was in territory where all the partisans was, but we\nwere separated, they were on the other side of the river, we were on this side\nof the river. We did live just from begging, and once a week, everybody from us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1742.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmaybe about 150 people . . . and every week, all the people then, we'd come to\nthe houses and beg for bread . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1770.0,1782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: From the Christians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1782.0,1784.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: From the Christians. In the daytime, because there was no Germans there.\nOnce in a while, we used to meet bad partisans and they didn't do us no good.\nBecause people are always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1784.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nall kinds good and bad. If you met bad people, they raped you or they killed\nyou, especially men. Because they said, thanks to them, we are alive. That was\ntrue. We'd been in that place; we'd been until September. In September, It was\nour order, all these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[indistinct: 30:30] to go to the partisans. [indistinct: 30:35]. We find out\nthis is in the jungle, there are Jewish groups, and they have everything. Our\nleader was Bielski, and we didn't have [indistinct: 30:51]. It was a big group\nof 1,200 people and it was organized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlike a big town. We had the houses already, half in the ground, half out the\nground. Everybody was working a job. My job was to be a guard. Every second day,\nI had to go and guard, watch the walls. They used to send three people out to\nwatch the walls. Watch the wall, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat means that no stranger should come into the camp. There I met my husband,\nand he was . . . his job was to bring food to the camp. Because a lot of people\nthat we had to feed. Old people, children. But this was not an easy job, because\nthey had to go on the other side of the river in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nplaces where the Germans are because when the Germans were not there, you didn't\nhave nobody to take food from then. They used to go in, about ten boys, in the\ncountry, and load up bags with food and go back with the food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1920.0,1938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: They really risked their lives to go get the food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1938.0,1943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: One hundred percent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1943.0,1945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: They did have arms, you had weapons?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1945.0,1948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes, we had weapons. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1948.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt was unbelievable, the way it was organized. It was [indistinct: 32:40] which\nmeans leaders inside . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1950.0,1961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Leadership.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1961.0,1962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Leadership used to send . . . they go here, they go there. It was a\ngroup which had to go fight the Germans and they would put mines on the railroads ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1962.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto destroy the German's trains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1980.0,1982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did you know when you were with the partisans then, about the camps,\nabout concentration camps and death camps?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1982.0,1991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1991.0,1992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Nobody in your group knew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1992.0,1995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No. We did not know about this. They used to have a newspaper every day,\nbut that was just where the Russians . . . where the fighting line is. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1995.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut we didn't know . . . I knew that my family got killed. I knew that and that\neverybody else got killed from our territory. But we didn't know what's going\non. When we got free, out from the jungle, we came home, it was June 1944. From\nthen until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe end of the war, most of the Jewish people got killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2040.0,2046.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: At this time, where exactly were you hiding? Where was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2046.0,2052.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: In Nalibotskaya Pushcha. Pushcha is a big 'ol jungle. It was not only\nour groups . . . It was groups, and groups, and groups, every few kilometer it\nwas another group. But mostly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2052.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nit was Christians, and the Christians groups were Jews too. Not only us it was\nmixtures but, in our camp, it was no Christians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2070.0,2082.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You were just Jewish people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2082.0,2085.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes, but in other groups it was mixed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2085.0,2090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How long altogether were you in hiding like this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2090.0,2095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Until June 1944.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2095.0,2097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Until June 1944 from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2097.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n. . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2100.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes. March 15, until June. June or July, I don't remember exactly when\nwe got out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2102.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You said you met your husband.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2111.0,2115.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2115.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You didn't know him before the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2116.0,2120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2120.0,2121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did you marry him during this time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2121.0,2125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: [indistinct: 35:24] We got married [indistinct: 35:26] But we really got married ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2125.0,2132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin the D.P. [displaced persons] camps [indistinct: 35:34].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2132.0,2135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Later, after the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2135.0,2137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes, 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2137.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Then how did you decide to leave from there and to go back to your home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2138.0,2144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: We had to get out from the woods, we had to. The Russian Army came and\nsaid, \"You are free! You can go wherever you want!\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2144.0,2154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: When was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2154.0,2155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: This was when . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2155.0,2158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: 1944.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2158.0,2159.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes. I don't know, if it was the end ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2159.0,2163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof June or in July, the Russian Army came and greeted us very nicely and said,\n\"You are free.\" We picked up and we went.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2163.0,2173.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: When you went back to your hometown . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2173.0,2178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: This was bad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2178.0,2180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What was it like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2180.0,2182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: It was empty. My hometown did not get ruined from the war. It was like .\n. . not one bomb [fell] down. It was exactly the same. I came in, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2182.0,2194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe houses [were] crying for the people, everybody . . . no people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2194.0,2200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You went back to your own house?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2200.0,2203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No, my house was . . . a family from the government was . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2203.0,2210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Living there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2210.0,2211.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes. I did leave whatever I find in a home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2211.0,2216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Then what did you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2216.0,2219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Then they mobilized my husband.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2219.0,2222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Who did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2222.0,2223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: The Russians. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2223.0,2224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMARTINO: The Russians, took him into the army.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2224.0,2227.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: I was waiting for him to come. At that time, in that year, he was a\nwhole year in the army. In that time, all the survivors, the few survivors, they\nall [were] going to Poland. Because that was . . . we were told that everybody\ncan go home. I couldn't, because [indistinct: 37:28 possibly: 'we'd been to\nPolish cities, it was Russian, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2227.0,2254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwe'd been to Polish cities, you could go in Poland']. But I couldn't go because\nI was waiting for him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2254.0,2262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Most of the other people who were partisans, they were really from\nPoland, and they came back to hide? Then they went back, is that right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2262.0,2272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: People . . . from that territory . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2272.0,2276.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2276.0,2277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: But they'd been before the war Polish citizens, they had the right to go\nto Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2277.0,2283.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2283.0,2284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof them went to Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2284.0,2286.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Most of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2286.0,2288.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: But you stayed there waiting for your husband?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2288.0,2292.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2292.0,2293.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Were there other Jews that stayed there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2293.0,2297.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Little by little, they all went. At that time, we had maybe five, 10, or\n15 survivors from the whole camp. Little by little, everybody went to Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2297.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: At this time, you still didn't know anything about what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2310.0,2315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas going on with the other Jews? The rest of the Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2315.0,2319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2319.0,2320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You had no idea?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2320.0,2322.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: We used to hear the radio, everyday it was on. A big radio in the middle\nof the town. They used to tell us . . . tell the people where the front line is,\nwhere the fighting line . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2322.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: That's all the news that you had?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2336.0,2339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Right, and they used to say . . . it was already big, American help was\nalready in the war. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2339.0,2346.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nused to mention, thanks to the Americans, we are there, and there. We ate this\nfood, they brought us clothes, the American clothes . . . they blow up, they use\nthe American ammunition, they didn't have nothing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2346.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: The Russians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2363.0,2364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: The Russians. They used to mention every time when they are on the news,\nthey said, \"Thank the Americans.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2364.0,2373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: When did your husband come back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2373.0,2376.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2376.0,2376.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n1945, he didn't come back until I got him out because he had to stay\n[indistinct: 39:38 possibly 'another year . . . '] mobilize him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2376.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: He would have had to stay in the army, and what happened?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2389.0,2395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: I got him out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2395.0,2397.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How did you do it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2397.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: I bought some papers for money in somebody else's name, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2400.0,2405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand we went. We paid for our ticket, it was hard to catch a plane . . . a train\nat that point, a train. You never would get out from there normally. We bought\nsome tickets for money in a train, a luxury train, which used to go express from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2405.0,2435.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMoscow, Russia. We took the train. We came from Russia; from Russia we went to\nLodz [Polish: Łódź] [Poland]. When we came in Lodz, there was already the\nZionists, the musicians with everything, and they used to dance for the\ntransport . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2435.0,2454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: This was now what then, exactly when?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2454.0,2458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: This was still in 1945 . . . before 1945, after the [indistinct: 40:55]. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2458.0,2465.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntransports was stopped, we couldn't go straight on because . . . I don't know\nwhat it was. But then two weeks later, we signed in and we went from Hungary, to\nHungary, to Czechoslovakia. Three or four countries before we came to Austria.\nOur leaders ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2465.0,2495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwere Israeli boys, children, 17, 18 year. But there was a very good musician.\nWherever we came, there was room for us to sleep, food to eat, from place to\nplace. We couldn't use the language, [indistinct: 41:49] that nobody should know\nwho we are. Until we came to the American zone [indistinct: 42:01].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2495.0,2524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2524.0,2525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhere was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2525.0,2527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: In Austria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2527.0,2529.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: In Austria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2529.0,2531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: In the American zone . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2531.0,2536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Do you remember the name of the town?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2536.0,2542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: The first place was [indistinct: 42:13] and then they transferred us\n[indistinct: 42:19] MARTINO: The Americans did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2542.0,2553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes. I've been to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2553.0,2556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n[indistinct: 42:24] MARTINO: What was it like in those D.P. camps?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2556.0,2561.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: It was not bad because we used to a lot of help. [indistinct: 42:40] the\ngovernment give us, the soldiers give us, we were not hungry. They gave us a\nplace to stay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2561.0,2577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Tell me, when was the first time that you found out about what really\nhappened in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2577.0,2586.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHolocaust. What did you think?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2586.0,2589.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: We heard it in the D.P. camps. The D.P. camps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2589.0,2597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Is when you found out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2597.0,2601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes. We got together with people who were in the concentration camps,\nand they told the story. They were working, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2601.0,2616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand how they killed . . . they were alive! But they used to say that they killed\nothers. This is working people who worked [indistinct: 43:41] for the Germans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2616.0,2636.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: From your family you were the only one who survived?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2636.0,2643.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Only one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2643.0,2645.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2645.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThen what did you decide to do when you were in the D.P. camps?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2646.0,2652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: D.P. camps there is no place to go because Israel, they didn't let in,\nand nobody want us. We just stayed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2652.0,2661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: In the D.P. camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2661.0,2663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: We really thought that they were going to send us back, we were very careful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2663.0,2669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You couldn't get any papers to emigrate anywhere?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2669.0,2673.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: The only ones who left the camps ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2673.0,2676.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nearly is who had close relatives, anywhere. While we were there, my husband find\nout from two home folks that he got relatives in the States [indistinct: 44:50]\nand they sent us papers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2676.0,2699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Where were they living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2699.0,2702.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Atlanta, Georgia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2702.0,2704.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: In Atlanta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2704.0,2706.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat's how you came to Atlanta? When was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2706.0,2714.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: In July [indistinct: 45:16].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2714.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2718.0,2721.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: 1949.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2721.0,2723.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did you have any children already at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2723.0,2732.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes, we had one. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2732.0,2736.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMy oldest daughter, she came when she was 18 months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2736.0,2742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: For example, have you ever talked about your war experiences with your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2742.0,2751.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: A little here and there, not especially this story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2751.0,2757.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You never felt like talking about it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2757.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Because . . . See, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2762.0,2766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin here, I don't have no home folks. Nobody was similar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2766.0,2772.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: There weren't any other survivors that you knew here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2772.0,2777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes. There were survivors, but not from my home. I make friends in here,\nbut not like . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2777.0,2788.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Not from your hometown or people you knew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2788.0,2793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Exactly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2793.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: From before the war. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2794.0,2797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyou did talk about . . . with your children, about being a survivor, what was\ntheir reaction?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2797.0,2806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: They weren't here, they were born after. They tried to make us proud of\nthem because they knew that's all we have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2806.0,2818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You were singled out, just for being a Jew. How do you feel about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2818.0,2826.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: How ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2826.0,2827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndid I feel being singled out when? In the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2827.0,2832.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2832.0,2833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: I . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2833.0,2835.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How do you feel about it now that happened to you in your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2835.0,2842.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: I suffered because I was Jewish, and I've never denied that I am Jewish.\nI'm proud to be Jewish. [indistinct: 47:25] The way I heard it now, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2842.0,2856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfind out from third generations and the people never knew that they are Jews,\nand they took them to concentration camps and killed them. [indistinct: 47:42\npossibly 'You cannot want to be.'] If you are born a Jew, you stay a Jew and\n[indistinct: 47:46 possibly ' you better be able to.'] That's how I raised my children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2856.0,2878.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Did you have applied for or received war reparations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2878.0,2882.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2882.0,2883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Can you describe your feelings about that? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2883.0,2886.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nGILMER: Really, I . . . [interview pauses, then resumes] They took away\neverything, let them have this too. But then some friends was after us, \"Why\ndon't you get it? Why don't you get it?\" We just received for the labor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2886.0,2913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Have you returned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2913.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto Europe since the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2916.0,2918.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No, I never want to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2918.0,2921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You don't want to go there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2921.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No, it's only bad memories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2924.0,2927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: When you go to an event or are in any particular place, when you're\nasleep, are you ever reminded of your war experience?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2927.0,2937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: I still dream that I . . . about the war, and I'm running, and I'm\nrunning. A lot of times, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2937.0,2946.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI dream that I'm in the woods, and I've come to see them, I tell them, \"Let's go\nthere are other places that you can survive.\" My husband was screaming every\nnight from . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2946.0,2966.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Nightmares?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2966.0,2967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Nightmares, because he didn't have such a great experience, except when\nhe was in the partisans. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2967.0,2976.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere was gun fire, every time he was in the first line in the army [indistinct 49:36].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2976.0,2994.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Let me ask you something, when you came to Atlanta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2994.0,3006.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith whom did you live when you came?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3006.0,3009.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: With the relatives who brought us here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3009.0,3012.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: With those relatives?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3012.0,3014.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes, they were very, very nice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3014.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Was there any help from the community?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3017.0,3020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No. We didn't need it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3020.0,3022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: You didn't need it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3022.0,3024.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: We didn't need it. We never look for help because we were young people\nwho could help ourselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3024.0,3031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How did you learn English?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3031.0,3033.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: We went to night school; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3033.0,3035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nit was on Capitol Avenue [Indistinct: 50:33] A lot of newcomers came with some\nteachers. They gave us books and I studied the books; I used to go home and\nstudy the books. We stayed with the relatives of [indistinct: 50:51].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3035.0,3059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How did you make a living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3059.0,3063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: At the start, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3063.0,3065.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmy husband went to work for $0.75 an hour.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3065.0,3071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Doing what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3071.0,3073.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: He was working in a factory that makes kitchen sets, things [indistinct: 51:21].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3073.0,3082.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: What was he by profession before the war? Did he have a profession?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3082.0,3091.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: He did not have no profession ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3091.0,3095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbut while we were in the D.P. Camps, he learn there was schools . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3095.0,3105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Trade school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3105.0,3107.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Trade schools, and he learned to be a welder but here he didn't work. He\nlearned, while he was there, he learned to upholster chairs and things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3107.0,3125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3125.0,3126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nLet me ask you something, do you think that it's possible that another Holocaust\ncould happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3126.0,3137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3137.0,3138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Tell me why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3138.0,3141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Because antisemitism is very bad, they didn't speak out. We have a lot\nof enemies. Somebody could come out and say that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3141.0,3156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n\"The Christians are going to take over the country.\" That's it. They all going\nto turn against, they're going to kill us like flies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3156.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: How important is the existence of Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3170.0,3175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: Very important, very important. We at least have somebody to speak up\nfor us, before it was nobody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3175.0,3186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3186.0,3187.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIs there anything that we might have left out that you want to tell me, that you\nwant to add?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3187.0,3199.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GILMER: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3199.0,3200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/transcript/67805/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: Then I want to thank you for your time. We understand it's difficult to\ndo this, but it's very important that we do it and we appreciate it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3200.0,3217.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErna Dziewienski Martino (b. 1946) was born in Bavaria, Germany to two Holocaust survivors from Krakow, Poland. Martino came to the United States in 1962 and has two sons. She has been active in advocating for the Jewish community and Holocaust survivors, including serving as president of Hemsheeh, the organization of Holocaust Survivors and Children of Survivors and Future Generations. She has been lecturing on the Holocaust for more than 40 years, has worked for Stephen Spielberg's Shoah Foundation, and also is involved with teacher training and Holocaust education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=0.0,16.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=0.0,16.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuanian: Vilnius. Yiddish: Vilne. Poland and Lithuania both claimed Vilna after World War I, and eventually the city was occupied by Polish forces and considered a part of northeastern Poland from 1920 until the beginning of World War II. On September 19, 1939, under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact, which effectively dissolved and divided Poland, Soviet forces occupied the city of Vilna, along with the rest of eastern Poland. At the time, the city was home to a population of 200,000, including over 55,000 Jews. In addition, some 12,000-15,000 Jewish refugees from German-occupied Poland found refuge in the city. The city of Vilna was incorporated into the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic until the Soviet Union ceded the city to Lithuania on October 28, 1939. Lithuanian authorities immediately enacted discriminatory policies against Poles and Jews. Anti-Jewish disturbances immediately broke out and refugees from the surrounding areas flocked to Vilna for protection. Jewish stores were looted and 200 Jews injured. A violent pogrom soon broke out in Vilna until the Soviet army entered the city and put an end to it. By June 1940, Lithuania was annexed to the Soviet Union and became one of its republics and Sovietization started. Under the Soviets, the elimination of all free institutions, nationalization of private businesses, confiscation of property, and threat of arrest or exile disrupted Jewish life. All Jewish public and political institutions were shut down and businesses nationalized. Heavy taxes were levied, and Jewish schools switched over to a Soviet curriculum with Yiddish as the language of instruction. On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked Soviet forces in Eastern Europe. The Germans occupied Vilna in June 24, 1941. A small number of Jews fled with the Soviets, but 57,000 Jews remained. Violent pogroms broke out and restrictions began. On July 4, the Germans ordered a Judenrat to be set up. On that same day, the Germans and their Lithuanian helpers began mass executions in the Ponar woods about seven miles outside the city. By July 20, 5,000 Jews had been murdered. On August 31 to September 3, another 8,000 Jews were murdered at Ponar. During the German occupation, tens of thousands of Jews from Vilna and the surrounding area, as well as Soviet prisoners of war and others suspected of opposing the Germans, were massacred in the Ponar woods outside of Vilna with the help of Lithuanian collaborators. Large groups were often taken to a large pit in the forest and shot. The Germans established two ghettos—ghetto # 1 and ghetto # 2—in Vilna in early September 1941. The larger ghetto (ghetto #1) was for 11,000 Jews considered able to work. The smaller (ghetto #2) was for 9,000 sick, the elderly, and those without work permits. In a series of operations conducted by German Einsatzgruppe detachments and Lithuanian auxiliaries, ghetto #2 was completely liquidated between September and October 1941. Between 9,000 and 11,000 inhabitants were taken to the Ponar woods and murdered. The remaining Jews crowded into the larger ghetto (ghetto #1) were forced to work in factories, on construction projects, or sent to nearby labor camps. Periodic killing operations murdered many of the ghetto’s inhabitants at Ponar. Liquidation in the larger ghetto began on October 23, 1941 when 5,000 Jews without work permits were shot in the woods. Roundups and executions continued through November and December. By the end of the year, 34,000 Jews had been murdered. From the spring of 1942 until the spring of 1943, there were no mass killing operations in ghetto #1. In July 1942, Jacob Gens was appointed the head of the Judenrat. Like Chaim Rumkowski in the Lodz ghetto he believed that work was salvation and that if he cooperated with the Germans, some Jews would survive. He was against any resistance activity by Abba Kovner and others as he thought that would destabilize a delicate situation and get the entire ghetto liquidated. Gens was murdered by the Germans on September 14, 1943. Gens handed over the sick and those without work permits and the executions continued. By September 1943 about 12,000 Jews remained in the ghetto. On September 23 and 24, 1943 the ghetto was liquidated. Children, the elderly, and the sick were murdered at Ponar by Germans and Ukrainian auxiliaries or sent to the Sobibor extermination camp. The surviving men were sent to labor camps in Estonia, while the women were sent to labor camps in Latvia. Others were sent to Madjanek to work. Those in the Estonian and Latvian camps were evacuated into Germany near the end of the war and those who had survived were liberated in Europe. Soviet forces liberated Vilna in July 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=29.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEshka Niegniewicka Menaker (approx. 1918-1942) was the eldest of six children born to Etzok Josef and Chana Sarah Kiwelewich Niegniewicki in Karelichy, Belarus. She was married to Benia Menaker and they had two children. She was murdered in the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=69.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDoba Niegniewicka (approx. 1924-1942) was one of six children born to Yitchak Josef and Chana Sarah Kiwelewich Niegniewicki in Karelichy, Belarus. She was murdered in the Novogrudok Ghetto with her parents and siblings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=69.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRivka Niegniewicka (approx. 1925-1941) was one of six children born to Yitchak Josef and Chana Sarah Kiwelewich Niegniewicki in Karelichy, Belarus. She was murdered in the Novogrudok Ghetto with her parents and siblings. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=69.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAvraham Niegniewicki (approx. 1928-1941) was one of six children born to Yitchak Josef and Chana Sarah Kiwelewich Niegniewicki in Karelichy, Belarus. He was murdered in the Novogrudok Ghetto with his parents and siblings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=69.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGitel Niegniewicka (approx. 1930-1942) was the youngest of six children born to Yitchak Josef and Chana Sarah Kiwelewich Niegniewicki in Karelichy, Belarus. She was murdered attempting to escape a labor camp with her sister Helen. Helen survived and eventually settled in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=69.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=135.0,145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Tov\u003c/em\u003e is a Hebrew term that refers to the holidays observed by Jews throughout the Hebrew calendar. It is sometimes referred to as “festival days” and includes the six biblically mandated festival dates on which all activities prohibited on \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e are prohibited, except for some related to food preparation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=135.0,145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=145.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=224.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx. It advocates for replacing private property and a profit based society with public ownership and communal control of most major means of production and natural resources. It’s an ideology that falls on the far left of the political spectrum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=315.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=599.0,629.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eGendarmerie\u003c/em\u003e (sometimes also “\u003cem\u003eGendarmes\u003c/em\u003e”) is a military body charged with police duties among the civilian population. The term gendarme is derived from the medieval French expression \u003cem\u003egens d'armes\u003c/em\u003e, which translates to \"armed people.” During World War II, German authorities charged local forces of \u003cem\u003eGendarmerie\u003c/em\u003e with carrying out the regime's anti-Jewish policies. The \u003cem\u003eGendarmerie\u003c/em\u003e was charged with putting the Jews in ghettos. As Jews were forbidden from leaving the ghettos, \u003cem\u003eGendarmerie\u003c/em\u003e guarded the perimeters. \u003cem\u003eGendarmes\u003c/em\u003e had a reputation for brutality. Individual gendarmes often tortured Jews and extorted personal valuables from them. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=649.0,659.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e (plural: \u003cem\u003eJudenräte\u003c/em\u003e) was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. The \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e also administered the affairs of the ghetto and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care. Forced to implement Nazi policy, the Jewish councils remain a controversial and delicate subject. Jewish council chairmen had to decide whether to comply or refuse to comply with German demands to, for example, list names of Jews for deportation. Some Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=669.0,685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNovogrudok (also known as Navahrudak, Nowogródek, and Naugardukas) is a town in Grodno Region, Belarus. At the beginning of World War II, it was occupied by the Soviet Red Army. In 1941, German forces bombed the area, and it became occupied by Germany was they invaded the Soviet Union. The Nazis killed more than 10,000 Jews in the Novogrudok Ghetto, Novogrudok, and nearby villages during the Holocaust. In mid-May 1943, the last remaining ghetto prisoners began to dig a 250-metre (820 ft) underground passage outside the ghetto, and five months later, on September 26, 1943, an escape was made through it. A total of 232 people escaped through the tunnel. Some of the fleeing Jews joined the Bielski partisans, which actively fought against the Nazis in the region.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=718.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarelichy (also known as Korelichi, Koreličiai, Korelicze, and Korelitz) is an urban-type settlement in Grodno Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Karelichy District. The town was historically a center of a large Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=767.0,770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMir is an urban-type settlement in Karelichy District, Grodno Region, Belarus. It is situated on the banks of the Miranka River, southwest of the capital, Minsk. From 1921 until 1939, Mir was part of the Second Polish Republic. On 17 September 1939, the town was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR. In the 1920’s, somewhere around 3000 Jews lived in the town. By the eve of World War II, the Jewish population had decreased to around 2000 people. From 27 June 1941 until 7 July 1944, Mir was occupied by Nazi Germany. Three months after the occupation began, a ghetto was formally established within the city by German authorities, and all Jews living within the town were forcibly resettled. It was liquidated on 13 August 1942. Before its liquidation, a resistance group of around 80 people, under the leadership of Oswald Rufeisen, operated in it. The group organized a plan that managed to help a group of 150 to 300 of the ghetto's inhabitants escape into the forest, where they joined the Bielski and Soviet partisans. It has been estimated that in total, approximately 2,900 Jews were killed in Mir during the German occupation. After the end of the war, it remained within the Byelorussian SSR until 1991, when it became part of the independent Republic of Belarus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=846.0,857.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation throughout occupied Europe, partisans banded together to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Germans. Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. A large group of partisans hid in a forest near the Lithuanian capital of Vilna. They were able to derail hundreds of trains and kill over 3,000 German soldiers. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1352.0,1382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bielski partisans were a unit of Jewish partisans who rescued Jews from extermination and fought the German occupiers and their collaborators around Novogrudok and Lida in German-occupied Poland, now western Belarus. The partisan unit was named after the Bielskis, three surviving brothers of the Bielski family, Tuvia (1906-1987), Asael (1908-1945), and Zus (1910-1995) established a partisan group after the Germans killed their parents and two brothers in the Nowogrodek ghetto in December 1941. While its members did fight against the Germans and their collaborators, the Bielski group leaders emphasized providing a safe haven for Jews, particularly women, children, and elderly persons who managed to flee into the forests. Under the protection of the Bielski group, more than 1,200 Jews survived the war, one of the most successful rescue efforts during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “concentration camp” refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly “KL” or “KZ”) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Shortly after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis began to set up a series of concentration camps across Germany. Those were mostly local initiatives: facilities that the SA, SS, and police established on an ad hoc basis, where they would detain and abuse real and imagined enemies of the regime. By 1934, there were over 100 of these early camps in operation. When the Nazi regime came to power, they systematically persecuted both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims housed in “temporary” detention centers like Lichtenburg. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated. The Nazi regime refused to tolerate criticism, dissent, or nonconformity from the German people. Non-Jewish German political activists were treated harshly but other political opponents remained potentially valuable members of the German race. The goal behind their internment in and subsequent release from concentration camps was often a kind of reeducation that would see them fall into line with the regime’s political and racial ideologies. Between 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp. The first concentration camps were established in 1933. Various authorities set up the makeshift “camps” in empty warehouses, factories, and other locations. Camps were established in Oranienburg, north of Berlin; Esterwegen, near Hamburg; Dachau, northwest of Munich; and Lichtenburg, in Saxony. By the end of July 1933, almost 27,000 people were housed in these camps. Most of the prisoners were political opponents of the Nazi regime. By the end of 1934, most of these early camps were disbanded and replaced by a centrally organized concentration camp system under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1982.0,1991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNalibaki or Naliboki is a town in Stowbtsy District, Minsk Region, Belarus. During World War II, the Jewish population of Nalibaki was massacred by the Germans, with some escaping and joining partisans in neighboring forests. One hundred and twenty-nine Poles were massacred by Soviet partisans on May 9, 1943, in the Nalibaki massacre. The town is situated in the Naliboki Forest (Belarusian: Nalibotskaya Pushcha, Russian: Nalibokskaya Pushcha) (pushcha: wild forest, primeval forest)) a large forest complex. Much of the area is occupied by pine forests and swamps, and some parts of the Naliboki are rather hilly. During World War II, the Naliboki Forest hosted many thousands of those who escaped from Nazi terror and formed partisan groups. The estimated number of armed troops in the forest varies from 10 to 25 thousand. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2052.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. In late 1945 and the summer of 1946, a series of horrific assaults against surviving Jewish communities occurred in postwar East Central Europe, particularly in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia and Romania. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. Refugees were given some authority to manage their own affairs and some survivors began to establish new political and cultural lives. Many DPs married and started families while in the camps. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2132.0,2135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by Leon Trotsky. In February 1946, the Red Army was renamed the \"Soviet Army\" which in turn became the Russian Army on 7 May 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Red Army provided the largest land force in the Allied victory in the European theatre of World War II, and its invasion of Manchuria assisted the unconditional surrender of Imperial Japan. During its operations on the Eastern Front, it accounted for 75 percent to 80 percent of the casualties that the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS suffered during the war, and ultimately captured the German capital, Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2144.0,2154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoscow, Russia is the capital and largest city in Russia. The city sits on the Moskva River in central Russia. The city dates back to 1147 and grew into a prosperous city and served as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It eventually became known as the Tsardom of Russia. When the Tsardom was reformed into the Russian Empire, the capital was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. After the Bolshevik revolution the capital returned to Moscow. It is well known for its Russian architecture, historic Red Square and the other buildings including the St. Basil’s Cathedral and the Kremlin. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2435.0,2454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz is a city in central Poland and a former industrial center. As of 2023, Lodz has a population of 655,279, making it the country's fourth-largest city. The industrial development and demographic surge made Lodz one of the largest cities in Poland. Under the German occupation during World War II, the city's population was persecuted and its large Jewish minority was forced into a walled zone known as the Lodz Ghetto, who were systematically sent to German extermination camps. It was the second-largest ghetto in occupied Europe, and the last major ghetto to be liquidated, in August 1944. The Polish resistance movement (Żegota) operated in the city and aided the Jewish people throughout its existence. Following liberation by Soviet forces on 19 January 1945, and the end of World War II, Łódź informally and temporarily took over the functions of Poland's capital, and most of the government and country administration resided in the city before the reconstruction of Warsaw. After 1989 the textile industry in Łódź collapsed and the city suffered from social and economic decline. The city's industrial heritage and examples of Polish Art Nouveau became an early tourist attraction. In the 2000s the city's main street, Piotrkowska Street, was revitalized, providing space for shops and restaurants. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2435.0,2454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2435.0,2454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia was a state in Central Europe, created in 1918 when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and Carpathian Ruthenia became part of Hungary. After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, except for Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR (a republic of the Soviet Union). The Communist Party seized power in a coup in 1948. From 1948 to 1989, Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a planned economy. In 1989, as Marxist–Leninist governments and communism were ending all over Central and Eastern Europe, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their communist government during the Velvet Revolution, which began on 17 November 1989 and ended 11 days later on 28 November when all of the top Communist leaders and Communist party itself resigned. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2465.0,2495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the immediate aftermath of World War II, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and France. Vienna was similarly subdivided. In July of 1945, the Allies agreed on zone borders and throughout the month, occupation troops were often “swapping” zones. Austria remained under the joint occupation of the Western Allies and the Soviet Union until Austria was accorded full independence in 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2495.0,2524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many survivors felt there was no future for Jews in Europe. Israeli statehood represented hope to survivors who longed for a homeland where Jews would not be a vulnerable minority. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel. The next day, forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded and war began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2652.0,2661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/annotation_set/1377/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 20, 1945, three months after the end of World War II, Chaim Weizmann, on behalf of the Jewish Agency, submitted to the governments of the U.S., USSR, UK, and France, a memorandum demanding reparations, restitution, and indemnification due to the Jewish people from Germany for its involvement in the Holocaust. He appealed to the Allied Powers to include this claim in their own negotiations for reparations with Germany, in view of the “mass murder, the human suffering, the annihilation of spiritual, intellectual, and creative forces, which are without parallel in the history of mankind.” Since then, Germany has taken steps to confront its role as the perpetrator of the Holocaust and to ensure that Holocaust victims and their heirs receive restitution and/or compensation. From 1945 to 2018, the German government paid approximately $86.8 billion in restitution and compensation to Holocaust victims and their heirs. Germany has also identified Nazi-looted objects – including artworks, books, and objects within larger collections – and has returned 16,000 objects to survivors and their heirs over the last 20 years. Thousands more pieces of looted art are still missing worldwide. In February 1990, before its unification with West Germany, East Germany admitted for the first time that it was also responsible for war crimes committed by the German people during World War II and agreed to pay reparations. In 1999, in response to the filing of numerous class action lawsuits in American courts, the German government and German industry agreed to compensate Jews and non-Jews specifically for the slave and forced labor they performed for German industry during the war. Among the German industries that came under the lawsuits were Deutsche Bank AG, Siemens, BMW, Volkswagen, and Opel. In return for the dismissal of all such lawsuits and the guaranteeing German industry “legal peace” from any such further litigation, the German government created a foundation – “Remembrance, Responsibility and the Future” – with assets of approximately $5 billion. Slave and forced laborers still alive at the time of the settlement could apply to receive a lump sum payment of between $2,500 and $7,500 from the foundation; in all, over 140,000 Jewish survivors from more than 25 countries received payments. Final payments from the Foundation were to be made by September 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2878.0,2882.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gilmer, Helen [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Provides background on her early life in Karelichy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=7.0,527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen talks about growing up Jewish in Karelichy, Belarus. She shares what it was like growing up under Soviet occupation and she describes the German invasion. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=7.0,527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are taping a survivor of the Holocaust this evening. What is your name and where do you live? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=7.0,527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Karelichy, Belarus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna, Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eshka Niegniewicka Menaker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Doba Niegniewicka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rivka Niegniewicka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Avraham Niegniewicki","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gitel Niegniewicka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Tov","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi Party","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=7.0,527.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Living under the Nazi regime ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=527.0,868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen describes what it was like living under the Nazi regime and the establishment of a ghetto. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=527.0,868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They put, from beginning, they put everybody to work. It was work to build bridges and in the fields, because they took away everything. It was work. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=527.0,868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi Party","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judenrat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Novogrudok, Belarus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Novogrudok ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Karelichy, Belarus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mir, Belarus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=527.0,868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Surviving by escaping to labor camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=868.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen describes when killings began in the Novogrudok ghetto and escaping to a nearby labor camp and the events that followed. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=868.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, 1942, in the summer. Since we knew it's going to happen, we hide our children, everybody to be away from the ghetto because in ghetto, [indistinct: 14:41] it was so many people. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=868.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Novogrudok ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vilna, Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=868.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping from the labor camp and hiding in the forest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1407.0,1722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen describes escaping from the labor camp, she talks about her little sister being murdered, leaving Helen alone. She talks about hiding in trees and riverbeds to evade the Germans. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1407.0,1722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After living there for a couple months, they divided our family. My father and mother and my brother and my sister, which I survived together, Gitel, they sent away in the ghetto from where we came from beginning [indistinct: 23:48 possibly 'Karelichy’]. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1407.0,1722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gitel Niegniewicka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Karelichy, Belarus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Novogrudok ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1407.0,1722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares about her experience as a Bielski partisan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1722.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen shares how she joined the Bielski partisans and what life was like living in the Naliboki Forest. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1722.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The partisans cleared out the territory from police stations, they used to come at night and kill them all. It was . . . They took it over. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1722.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bielski partisans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaim \"John\" Gilimowicz \"Gilmer\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nalibotskaya Pushcha","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Naliboki Forest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced persons (D.P.) camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=1722.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being liberated by Red Army and returning to Karelichy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2141.0,2214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen talks about the Russian Army coming into their encampment to tell them they were liberated, she shares her experience returning to Karelichy. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2141.0,2214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then how did you decide to leave from there and to go back to your home? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2141.0,2214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Red Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Karelichy, Belarus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2141.0,2214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life immediately after the war","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2214.0,2404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen shares what life was like immediately after the war, she talks about her husband having to serve in the Russian Army. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2214.0,2404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then what did you do? \r\nGILMER:\tThen they mobilized my husband. 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Helen shares where she was when she learned about what happened in the concentration camps. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2404.0,2648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We paid for our ticket, it was hard to catch a plane . . . a train at that point, a train. You never would get out from there normally. We bought some tickets for money in a train, a luxury train, which used to go express from Moscow, Russia. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2404.0,2648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced persons (D.P.) camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz [Polish: Łódź], Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American occupied zones","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2404.0,2648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares how her and John immigrated to Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2648.0,2810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen shares how they discovered John had relatives in Atlanta, and what it was like to move to the United States. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2648.0,2810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"D.P. camps there is no place to go because Israel, they didn't let in, and nobody want us. We just stayed. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2648.0,2810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced persons (D.P.) camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaim \"John\" Gilimowicz \"Gilmer\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2648.0,2810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reflects on being targeted and surviving the Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2810.0,2997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen talks about her feelings regarding being targeted in the Holocaust and surviving. She talks about receiving war reparations and struggling with memories of her experience. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2810.0,2997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were singled out, just for being a Jew. How do you feel about that? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2810.0,2997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War reparations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nightmares","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2810.0,2997.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adjusting to life in Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2997.0,3125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen shares how she and her husband adjusted to life in Atlanta, Georgia.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2997.0,3125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me ask you something, when you came to Atlanta, with whom did you live when you came? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2997.0,3125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Upholstering","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Welding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=2997.0,3125.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The danger of another Holocaust and the importance of the Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3125.0,3214.8898"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen shares her concerns regarding the possibility of another Holocaust and expresses the importance of the State of Israel. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3125.0,3214.8898"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me ask you something, do you think that it's possible that another Holocaust could happen? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3125.0,3214.8898"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856/index/83816/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/129690/file/242856#t=3125.0,3214.8898"}]}]}]}